Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Qualitatively Describing Forests of the Landscape

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reconciling Human Needs and Conserving Biodiversity: Large Landscapes as a New Conservation Paradigm

Part of the book series: Environmental History ((ENVHIS,volume 12))

  • 305 Accesses

Abstract

Qualitative descriptions of different habitat types are an important part of ecological research. Hence, the chapter is a single-objective one and looks at the broad terrestrial habitat types and major water bodies of the Lake Tumba Landscape. As a qualitative examination, it is limited to forests and savannahs that are two major habitat types of the Lake Tumba Landscape. Qualitatively, and without covering forest floristic compositions, each major habitats type is decomposed into its broad components. Methodologically, the data were collected from combining estimates from transects and the analysis of satellite images. Seven forest types were identified in the Lake Tumba Landscape of which the most important forest types were permanently swampy forest (34.2%) and seasonally flooded forest (28.1%). Terra firma forests of the Lake Tumba Landscape had no single species-dominated large swathes of forest, which is often the case in many areas of the region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Badrian NL, Malenky RK (1984) Feeding Ecology of Pan paniscus in the Lomako forest, Zaire. In: Susman RL (ed) The Pygmy chimpanzee: evolutionary biology and behavior. Plenum Press, pp 325–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey RG (1986) The Zaïre River system. In: Davies BR, Walker KF (eds) The ecology of river systems. Junk Publishers, pp 201–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Banister KE (1986) Fish of the Zaïre system. In: Davies BR, Walker KF (eds) The ecology of river systems. Junk Publishers, pp 215–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclay HJ, Li C, Hawkes B, Benson L (2006) Effects of fire size and frequency and habitat heterogeneity on forest age distribution. ‎Ecol Model 197(1–2):207–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blake S, Rogers E, Fay JM, Ngangoué M, Ebéké G (1995) Swamp gorillas in northern Congo. Afr J Ecol 33(3):285–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brncic T, Menga P, Lejoly J (2007) Preliminary report of botanical activities carried out in the Lac Tumba Landscape. Typescript report submitted to World Wide Fund for Nature

    Google Scholar 

  • Bultot F, Griffith JF (1972) The equatorial wet zone. In: Griffiths JF (ed) Climates of Africa: world survey of climatology, vol 10. Elsevier, pp 259–312

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman LJ (2001) Fishes of African rain forests: diverse adaptations to environmental challenge. In: Weber W, White LJT, Vedder A, Naughton-Treves L (eds) African rain forest—ecology and conservation: an interdisciplinary perspective. Yale University Press, pp 263–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Cochrane MA, Laurence WF (2002) Fire as a large-scale edge effect in Amazonian forests. J Trop Ecol 18:311–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colom A, Bakanza A, Mundeka J, Hamza T, Ntumbandzondo B (2006) The socio-economic dimensions of the management of biological resources, in the Lac Télé—Lac Tumba Landscape, DRC segment: a segment-wide baseline Socio-Economic study’s report. Submitted to the World Wide Fund for Nature

    Google Scholar 

  • Colyn MM, Gautier-Hion A, Verheyen W (1991) A re-appraisal of the palaeoenvironmental history in Central Africa: evidence for a major fluvial refuge in the Zaire Basin. J Biogeogr 18:403–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corsi F (1984a) Développement des pêches dans le fleuve Zaïre. Rapport préparé pour pour le projet d’Assistance à l’Office National des Pêches et Amélioration de la Pêche Artisanale. Food Aid Organization, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Corsi F (1984b) Zaïre: Développement et aménagement des pêches du lac Mai-Ndombe et ses affluents. Technical report submitted to the Food Aid Organization, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Evrard C (1968) Recherches écologiques sur le peuplement forestier des sols hydromorphes de la Cuvette Centrale congolaise. Série scientifique 110. Office National de la recherche Scientifique et du Développement du Ministère Belge de l’Education Nationale et de la Culture

    Google Scholar 

  • Fay JM (1997) The ecology, social organization, population, habitat and history of the western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla Savage & Wyman, 1947). PhD thesis. Washington University. United States of America

    Google Scholar 

  • Fruth B, Hohmann G (1993) Ecological and behavioral aspects of nest building in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus). Ethology 94:113–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fruth B, Hohmann G (1994) Comparative analysis of nest building behavior in bonobos and chimpanzees. In: Wrangham RW, McGrew WC, De Wall FBM, Heltne PG (eds) Chimpanzee cultures. Harvard University Press, pp 109–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier-Hion A, Colyn M, Gauthier JP (1999) Histoire naturelle des primates d’Afrique Centrale. Multipress, Ecosystèmes d’Afrique Centrale. Union Douanière et Economique d’Afrique Centrale

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodie AS (2005) The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous. Geomorphology 67:437–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JS, Saltonstall K, Inogwabini BI, Omari I (1998a) Distribution, abundance and conservation status of Grauer’s gorilla. Oryx 32:122–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall JS, White LJT, Inogwabin BI, Omar I, Morland HS, Williamson EA, Saltonstall K, Walsh P, Sikubwabo C, Bonny D, Kiswele KP, Vedder A, Freeman K (1998b) A survey of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla graueri) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park lowland sector and adjacent forest in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Primatol 19:207–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harms R (1989) Fishing and systems of production: the precolonial Nunu of the middle Zaïre. Cah Sci Hum 25:147–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulstaert G (1993a) Etudes dialectologiques Mongo. Etudes Aequat 12: 15–4006

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulstaert G. (1993b) Liste et carte des dialectes Mongo. Ann Aequat 14: 401–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Idani G, Kuroda S, Kano T, Asato R (1994) Flora and vegetation of Wamba forest, central Zaire with reference to bonobo (Pan paniscus) food. Tropics 3:309–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2005) Common fishes of the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo: preliminary survey and conservation issues. Oryx 39(1):78–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2006a) A preliminary checklist of mammals and plants: conservation status of some species in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Endanger Species Update 23(3): 104–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2006b) Fire as management tool in cattle raising concession: A preliminary assessment to help develop a system that sustains biological diversity in the southern in the Lac Télé–Lac Tumba Swampy forest, DRC Segment. Field report submitted to WWF and CARPE-USAID

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2010) Conserving great apes living outside protected areas: the distribution of bonobos in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo. PhD Thesis, University of Kent at Canterbury, United Kingdom

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2013) Bushmeat, over-fishing and covariates explaining fish abundance declines in the Central Congo Basin. Environ Biol Fishes 97(7):787–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI (2015) The Bonobo Pan paniscus (Mammalia: Primates: Hominidae) nesting patterns and forest canopy layers in the Lake Tumba forests and Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. J Threat 7(13):7853–7861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Leader-Williams N (2013) Conservation paradigms seen through the lenses of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In: Navjot S, Raven P (eds) Essays in conservation biology–perspectives from practitioners in tropical environments. Blackwell-Wiley

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Sandokan MB, Ndunda M (2006) A dramatic decline in rainfall regime in the Congo Basin: evidence from a thirty-four year data set from the Mabali Scientific Research Centre, Democratic Republic of Congo. Int J Meteorol 31(312):278–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Matungila B, Mbende L, Abokome M, Tshimanga WT (2007a) Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. Oryx 41(4): 532–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Bewa M, Longwango M, Abokome M, Vuvu M (2007b) The Bonobos of the Lake Tumba–Lake Maindombe Hinterland: threats and opportunities for population conservation. In: Furuichi T, Thompson J (eds) The bonobos behavior, ecology, and conservation. Springer, pp 273–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Mbende L, Abokome M (2011) The relic population of forest elephants near Lac Tumba, Democratic Republic of Congo: Abundance, dung decay, food items and movements. Pachyderm 49:40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Inogwabini BI, Abokome M, Kamenge T, Mbende L, Mboka L (2012) Preliminary bonobo and chimpanzee nesting by habitat type in the northern Lac Tumba Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr J Ecol https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01323.x

  • Institut National de la Statistique (INS) (2015) Annuaire Statistique 2014. Ministère du Plan et Révolution de la Modernité, République Démocratique du Congo

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano T (1983) An ecological study of the pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) of Yalosidi, Republic of Zaire. Int J Primatol 1:1–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kano T (1984) Distribution of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) in the central Zaire basin. Folia Primatol 43:36–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamoto Y, Takemoto H, Higuchi S, Sakamaki T, Hart JA, Hart TB, Tokuyama N, Reinartz GE, Guislain P, Dupain J, Cobden AK, Mulavwa MN, Yangozene K, Darroze S, Devos C, Furuichi T (2013) Genetic structure of Wild Bonobo populations: diversity of Mitochondrial DNA and geographical distribution. PLoS ONE 8(3):e59660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059660

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kylin H, Louette M, Herroelen P, Bouwman H (2010) Nominate Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus fuscus) winter in the Congo basin. Ornis Fennica 87:106–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Leisz S (1998) Zaire Country profile. In: Bruce J (ed) Country profiles of land tenure: Africa 1996. Land Tenure Centre Research Paper 130: 131–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Magliocca F, Querouil S, Gautier-Hion A (1999) Population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in north-western Republic of Congo. Am J Primatol 48:1–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maley J (1991) The African rain forest vegetation and palaeoenvironments during late quaternary. Clim Change 19:79–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preuss J (1990) L’évolution des paysages du bassin intérieur du Zaïre pendant les quarante derniers millénaires. In: Lafranchi R, Schwartz D (eds) Paysages Quartenaires de l’Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Office de la recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer, pp 260–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) and United Nations Office of Project Services (UNOPS) (1998) Programme de national de relance du secteur agricole rural (PNSAR) 1997–2001 : Monographie de la Province de l’Equateur. Ministères de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage, du Plan, de l’Education Nationale et de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature, Forêts et Pêche. République Démocratique du Congo

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinartz G, Inogwabini BI, Mafuta N, Lisalama WW (2006) Effects of forest type and human presence on bonobo (Pan paniscus) density in the Salonga National Park. Int J Primatol 27(2):603–634

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabater PJ, Vea JJ (1990) Nest building and population estimates of the bonobo from the Lofeke-Lilungu-Ikomaloki region of Zaire. Primate Conserv 11:43–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz D (1988) Some podzols on the Bateke sands and their origins, people’s Republic of Congo. Geoderma 43:229–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secrétariat Général à l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature, Pêche et Forêts (SGECN PF), 1999 Plans provinciaux de la biodiversité—appendice au plan d’action national. Ministère de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature, Pêche et Forêts, Kinshasa Gombe, République Démocratique du Congo

    Google Scholar 

  • Toham AK, D’Amico J, Olson D, Blom A, Trowbridge L, Burgess N, Thieme M, Abell R, Carroll RW, Gartlan S, Langrand O, Mussavu RM, O’Hara D, Strand H (2006) A vision for biodiversity conservation in Central Africa: biological priorities for conservation in the Guinean: Congolian forest and freshwater region. World Wide Fund

    Google Scholar 

  • Vancutsem C, Pekel JF, Kibambe LJP, Blaes X, De Wasseige C, Defourny P (2006) Republique Democratique du Congo: occupation du sol. Carte geographique. Presses Universitaires de Louvain

    Google Scholar 

  • White LJT (2001) The African Rain forest: climate and vegetation. In: Weber W, White LJT, Vedder A, Naughton-Treves L (eds) African Rain forest: ecology and conservation. Yale University Press, pp 3–29

    Google Scholar 

  • White LJT, Abernethy K (1997) A guide to the vegetation of the Lopé Reserve. Multipress, Gabon

    Google Scholar 

  • White LJT, Edwards A (2000) Conservation research in the Central African rain forests: a handbook. Wildlife Conservation Society

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Research and Communication in Sustainable Development (CERED), The Jesuit Loyola University of Congo, Kinshasa, Congo, Republic

    Bila-Isia Inogwabini

Authors
  1. Bila-Isia Inogwabini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bila-Isia Inogwabini .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Inogwabini, BI. (2020). Qualitatively Describing Forests of the Landscape. In: Reconciling Human Needs and Conserving Biodiversity: Large Landscapes as a New Conservation Paradigm. Environmental History, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38728-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation