Abstract
To fail in a task, to misjudge a situation and to make wrong conclusions, or to be unable to achieve a desired goal, are basic human experiences that occur in everyday activities as well as in longer-term projects in the context of personal development. But the assessments of what is a mistake, an error, or a failure depend heavily on cultural as well as individual contexts. Errors, failures and mistakes do not constitute objectively ascertainable facts, but are subject to the validity of certain rules within a context-dependent judgement. These rules can exist in various forms and degrees of explicitness and are adopted in the course of social negotiation processes. The aim of this book is to synthesise empirical research-based and theoretical perspectives on mistakes, errors, and failure in and across cultures, in order to provide a comprehensive view of contemporary research and practice which is accessible to researchers and practicing professionals internationally.
Mistakes or errors can, at the individual level, cause deep shame and embarrassment, and can lead to severe personal, organisational and collective crises. However, they can also be viewed as a resource for self-development and organisational, collective and societal change. At the organisational level, mistakes, errors and failure can have serious consequences for individuals such as employees or clients in the field of transportation, or in the context of medicine or chemistry, for example. At the same time, they can reveal inaccuracies in process chains, or weaknesses in a system, and they can also trigger contingent and sustainable improvement processes on all levels. Even in the political context, actual or perceived wrong decisions can have massive and long-lasting consequences for individuals, societal groups and subcultures, and for the society as such. Societal mistakes, errors and failures might then even be discussed in global contexts and in terms of their universal impact.
“I have often said that from the amoeba to Einstein there is only one step. Both work with the method of trial and error. The amoeba must hate error, for it dies when it errs. But Einstein knows that we can learn only from our mistakes, and he spares no effort to make new trials in order to detect new errors, and to eliminate them from our theories. The step that the amoeba cannot take, but Einstein can, is to achieve a critical, a self-critical attitude, a critical approach. It is the greatest of the virtues that the invention of the human language puts within our grasp. I believe that it will make peace possible.”
Karl Popper, All Life is Problem Solving
“There is a crack in everything (there is a crack in everything) That’s how the light gets in”. Leonard Cohen, Anthem
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Vanderheiden, E., Mayer, CH. (2020). “There Is a Crack in Everything. That’s How the Light Gets in”: An Introduction to Mistakes, Errors and Failure as Resources. In: Vanderheiden, E., Mayer, CH. (eds) Mistakes, Errors and Failures across Cultures. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35574-6_1
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