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Representative Bureaucracy and Performance pp 23–68Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Apartheid and the Bureaucracy

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Part of the book series: Executive Politics and Governance ((EXPOLGOV))

Abstract

The discussion begins with a brief historical overview of racial oppression and exploitation in South Africa, including the period of apartheid. The critical role played by the bureaucracy in realizing the National Party’s vision for a racially separated and white dominated South Africa is explained. The discussion then shifts to the apartheid bureaucracy’s formal structure, demographic character, values and norms, and capacity and performance. This descriptive analysis sheds light on why successive ANC governments have sought to reform the public service, and in particular, to transform it into a representative bureaucracy. The apartheid bureaucracy presents a paradox: while it possessed impressive capabilities and achieved notable successes, it was also plagued by chronic deficiencies that limited its efficiency and effectiveness and necessitated major administrative reforms.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    For a detailed analysis of these other types of public organizations, see Cloete (1988).

  2. 2.

    The large number of blacks working in education was due to the fact the central government had assumed responsibility for educating Africans in 1953 and Coloureds and Indians in 1963, the objective being to ensure children belonging to these groups received an education commensurate with their subservient role in South Africa (Thompson and Prior 1982). Education for whites, provided almost exclusively by white teachers and administrators, remained a provincial function during this time.

  3. 3.

    Neither did the 1957 Public Service Act enacted during apartheid (Hugo 1996).

  4. 4.

    Prior to 1994, the Public Service Commission and Commission for Administration undertook general inspections of departments and offices to promote efficiency and economy, streamline processes, reduce redundancies, and improve organization, coordination, and staffing. These were ad hoc in nature, with only a selection of departments and offices evaluated every year. Annual reports produced by the Public Service Commission (1925, 1939, 1948, 1960, 1973) and Commission for Administration (1983, 1989) reveal the following trend in general inspections performed (year: number of general inspections): 1926: 225; 1939: 327; 1948: 498; 1960: 221; 1973: estimated less than 100; 1983: 140; and 1989: 256. In addition, every year, the Public Service Commission and Commission for Administration undertook special investigations of decisions and actions taken by bureaucrats that sometimes resulted in disciplinary action, including removal.

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  1. Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA

    Sergio Fernandez

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Fernandez, S. (2020). Apartheid and the Bureaucracy. In: Representative Bureaucracy and Performance. Executive Politics and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32134-5_2

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