Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Territory and/or Scenery: Concepts and Prospects of Western Landscape Research

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Current Trends in Landscape Research

Part of the book series: Innovations in Landscape Research ((ILR))

Abstract

Landscape has etymologically multiple meanings, hence a wide variety of interpretations and approaches to study it. The word originated in Western Europe during the thirteenth century, denoting both a tract of land organized by people and its visual appearance. The way the land was organized and shaped created a distinct scenery. Therefore, the landscape is essentially a holistic concept. As a spatial unit, it characterizes the identity of the land of a community and defines a territory where custom rights apply. Both territory and scenery are manifestations of local, regional or national relationships between a community and the way it is using the environment. The landscape also gives the basis of cultural identity and defines value systems. During history, this dynamical relationship changed and so did the meanings and ways of seeing the landscape. This resulted in different approaches in the study of the landscape and its visualization. We summarize the development of landscape research along these two dimensions, territory and scenery. We discuss how landscape research differentiated and diffused with the Western culture all over the world. Many of the shifts were caused by cultural differences, in particular, linguistic and semiotic, resulting in a growing divergence of interpretations and applications. Also, environmental, economic and technological driving forces steered the development of landscape research, adding new related concepts, new methods to analyze and new perspectives. In a globalizing world, the polarization and compression of the geographical time–space resulted in faster urbanization and land abandonment simultaneously, so all landscapes are affected. The demand grew for more proactive and applied research and transdisciplinary approaches to landscape management. Formal definitions, in particular, the European Landscape Convention, offer platforms for integrating all fragmented efforts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aalen FHA, Whelan K, Stout M (eds) (1997) Atlas of the Irish rural landscape. Cork University Press, Cork, p 352

    Google Scholar 

  • Aldred O, Fairclough G (2002) Historic landscape characterization—taking stock of the method. The National HLC Method Review 2002, English Heritage & Somerset County Council

    Google Scholar 

  • Antikainen J (2005) The concept of Functional Urban Area—findings of the ESPON project 1.1.1. Informationen Raumentwicklung Heft 7:447–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (1997) The concept of traditional landscapes as a base for landscape evaluation and planning. The example of Flanders Region. Landscape Urban Plann 38:105–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2000) Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe. Landscape Ecol 15(3):257–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2005) Why landscapes of the past are important for the future. Landscape Urban Plann 1–2:21–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2006) Sustainable landscapes: contradiction, fiction or utopia? Landscape Urban Plann 75:187–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2012) Intrinsic values of landscapes. In: Papayannis T, Howard P (eds) 2012. Reclaiming the Greek Landscape, Athens, Med-INA, pp 31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2019) A brief history of landscape research. In: Howard P, Thompson I, Waterton E, Atha M (eds) The Routledge companion to landscape studies (2nd edn). Routledge, London and New York, pp. 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M, Van Eetvelde V (2017) Landscape perspectives—the holistic nature of landscape. Landscape series, vol 23. Springer, p 436

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (1991) Rethinking carrying capacity. In: Brandt J, Agger P (eds) Proceedings of the European of the international association for landscape ecology (IALE) on practical landscape ecology. Roskilde University Centre: Roskilde, vol III, pp 55–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Antrop M (2008) Landscapes at risk: about change in the European landscapes. In: Dostal P (ed) Evolution of geographical systems and risk processes in the global context. Charles University Prague, pp 57–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell S (2004) Elements of visual design in the landscape. Spon Press, London, p 196

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell S (1999) Landscape. Pattern, perception and process. Taylor & Francis Group, 344p

    Google Scholar 

  • Botequilha Leitão AB, Ahern J (2002) Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning. Landscape Urban Plann 59(2):65–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Botequilha Leitão A, Miller J, Ahern J, McGarigal K (2006) Measuring landscapes. A planner’s handbook. Island Press, London, 245 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Burel F, Baudry J (2003) Landscape ecology: concepts, methods and applications. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA, 362 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrough PA, McDonnell RA (1998) Principles of geographical information systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 333 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Buttimer A (ed) (2001) Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Cork University Press, Cork, 398 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheshire P (1995) A new phase of urban development in Western Europe? The evidence for the 1980s’. Urban Stud 32(7):1045–1063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Claval PL (2004) The languages of rural landscapes. In: Palang H, Sooväli H, Antrop M, Setten S (eds) European rural landscapes: persistence and change in a globalising environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 11–40

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove D, Daniels S (1988) The iconography of landscape. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 318

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove D (2002) Landscape and the European sense of sight—eyeing nature. In: Anderson K, Domosh M, Pile S, Thrift N (eds) Handbook of cultural geography. Chapter 12. SAGE Publications, London, pp 249–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Cosgrove D (2003) Landscape: ecology and semiosis. In: Palang H, Fry G (2003) Landscape interfaces. Cultural heritage in changing landscapes. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 15–20 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of Europe (2000) European landscape convention. Firenze, 20.10.2000. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/176.htm. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • Council of Europe (2006) Landscape and sustainable development—challenges of the European landscape convention. Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, p 213

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushman SA, McGarigal K, Neel MC (2008) Parsimony in landscape metrics: strength, universality, and consistency. Ecol Ind 8(5):691–703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de la Blache PV (1922) Principes de géographie humaine. Armand Colin, Paris (trans: Principles of human geography), de Martonne E (ed). Holt, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastman JR, Kyem PAK, Toledano J, Jin W (1993) GIS and decision making. UNITAR Explorations in GIS Technology, vol 4. UNITAR, Geneva, p 112

    Google Scholar 

  • Egoz S, Jørgensen K, Ruggeri D (eds) (2018) Defining landscape democracy: a path to spatial justice. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786438348

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Egoz S, Makhzoumi J, Pungetti G (eds) (2011) The right to landscape: contesting landscape and human rights. Routledge, London and New York, p 337

    Google Scholar 

  • Egoz S, De Nardi A (2017) Defining landscape justice: the role of landscape in supporting wellbeing of migrants, a literature review. Landscape Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2017.1363880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Environmental Agency (1995) Europe’s environment—the Dobríš assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, p 680

    Google Scholar 

  • European Environmental Agency (2002) Urban morphological zones 2000 (UMZ2000)

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2008) http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/rurdev/index_en.htm. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • Fahrig L (2005) When is a landscape perspective important? In: Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds) Issues in landscape ecology. Studies in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 3–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Farina A, Belgrano A (2006) The eco-field hypothesis: toward a cognitive landscape. Landscape Ecol 21(1):5–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farina A (2009) Ecology, cognition and landscape: linking natural and social systems. Landscape series, vol 11. Springer Science & Business Media, 161 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman RTT, Godron M (1981) Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. Bioscience 31(10):733–740. In: Wiens JH, Moss MR, Turner MG, Mladenoff DJ (eds.) Foundation Papers in Landscape Ecology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 246–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman R, Godron M (1986) Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York, p 619

    Google Scholar 

  • Fry GL, Sarlov Herlin I (1995) Landscape design: how do we incorporate ecological, cultural and aesthetic values in landscape assessment and design principles? In: Griffiths GH (ed) Landscape ecology: theory and application. Proceedings IALE-UK conference, Reading, 51–60 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Geist HJ, Lambin EF (2002) Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52(2):143–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granö JG (1929) Reine Geographie. Eine methodologische Studie beleuchtet mit Beispielen aus Finnland und Estland. Helsinki, Helsingfors. Acta Geogr 2(2):202 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Granö O, Paasi A (eds) (1997) Pure geography. In: Granö JG (trans: Hicks M). The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 191 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • de Groot RS, Alkemade R, Braat L, Hein L, Willemen L (2010) Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision-making. Ecol Complex 7:260–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groth P, Bressi TW (eds) (1997) Understanding ordinary landscapes. Yale University Press, New Haven, 272 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162(3859):1243–1248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartshorne R (1939) The nature of geography. A critical survey of current thought in the light of the past. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 29(3–4):173–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Hägerstrand T (2001) A look at the political geography of environmental management. In: Buttimer A (ed) Sustainable landscapes and lifeways: scale and appropriateness. Cork University Press, Cork, pp 35–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Jepsen MR, Kuemmerle T, Müller D, Erbe K, Verburg PH, Haberl H, Vesterager JP, Andric M, Antrop M, Austrheim G, Björn I, Bondeau A, Bürgi M, Bryson J, Caspar G, Cassaro JF, Conrado E, Chromy P, Daugirdas V, Van Eetvelde V, Elena-Rosselló R, Gimmi U, Izakovicova Z, Jancák V, Jansson U, Kladnik D, Kozak J, Konkoly-Gyurów E, Krausmann F, Mander Ü, McDonagh J, Pärn J, Niedertscheider M, Nikodemus O, Ostapowicz K, Pérez-Soba M, Pinto-Correia T, Ribokas G, Rounsevell M, Schistou D, Schmit C, Terkenli TS, Tretvik AM, Trzepacz P, Vadineanu A, Walz A, Zhllima E, Reenberg A (2015) Transitions in European land-management regimes between 1800 and 2010. Land Use Policy 49:53–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M (2007) The European landscape convention and the question of public participation. Landscape Res 32(5):613–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M, Daugstad K (1997) Usages of the “cultural landscape” concept in Norwegian and Nordic landscape administration’. Landscape Res 22(3):267–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M, Stenseke M (eds) (2011) The European landscape convention. Challenges of participation. Landscape series, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht, 326 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant I (1764) Observations on the feeling of the beautiful and sublime [Beobachtungen über das Gefühl des Schönen und Erhabenen]. (eds and trans by P. Frierson, P. Guyer). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 396 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  • Klijn JA (2004) Driving forces behind landscape transformation in Europe, from a conceptual approach to policy options. In: Jongman RHG (ed) The new dimensions of the European landscapes Alterra Green World Research, Landscape Europe. Wageningen UR frontis series, vol 4. Springer, pp 201–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolen J, Renes H, Hermans R (eds) (2015) Landscape biographies. Geographical, historical and archaeological perspectives on the production and transmission of landscapes. Landscape and heritage studies. Amsterdam University Press, p. 437

    Google Scholar 

  • Laszlo E (1994) The choice: evolution or extinction. A thinking person’s guide to global issues. C.P. Putnam & Sons, New York, p 215

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemaire T (2002) Met open zinnen. Natuur, landschap, aarde. Amsterdam, Ambo, p 358

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold A (1949) The land ethic. A Sand County Almanac. Oxford University Press, New York, p 182

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold LB, Clarke FE, Hanshaw BB, Balsley JR (1971) A procedure for evaluating environmental impact, vol 645. US Geological Survey Circular, Washington DC, p 13

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Wu J (2004) Use and misuse of landscape metrics. Landscape Ecol 19(4):389–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Wu J (2007) Landscape pattern analysis: key issues and challenges. In: Wu J, Hobbs RJ (eds) Key topics in landscape ecology. Studies in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, pp 39–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Longley PA, Goodchild MF, Maguire DJ, Rind DW (2001) Geographic information systems and science. Wiley, New York, p 454

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal D (1975) Past time present place: landscape and memory. Geogr Rev 65(1):1–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luginbühl Y (2012) La mise en scène du monde. Construction du paysage européen. Paris: CRNS Editions. 432 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch K (1960) The image of the city. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, London, 194 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Mac Nally R (2005) Scale and an organism-centric focus for studying interspecific interactions in landscapes. In: Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds) Issues in landscape ecology. Studies in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 52–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Mander Ü, Uuemaa E, Roosaare J, Aunap R, Antrop M (2010) Coherence and fragmentation of landscape patterns as characterized by correlograms: a case study of Estonia. Landscape Urban Plann 94(1):31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Mansvelt JD (1997) An interdisciplinary approach to integrate a range of agro-landscape values as proposed by representatives of various disciplines. Agric Ecosyst Environ 63:233–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGarigal K, Marks BJ (1995) FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-351

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell B (1979) Geography and resources analysis. Longman, London, p 399

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss MR (1999) Fostering academic and institutional activities in landscape ecology. In: Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds) Issues in landscape ecology. International association for landscape ecology, fifth world congress, Snowmass Village, CO, USA, 138–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Muir R (2000) The new reading the landscape. Fieldwork in landscape history. University of Exeter Press, Exeter, p 256

    Google Scholar 

  • Nassauer JI (2012) Landscape as medium and method for synthesis in urban ecological design. Landscape Urban Plann 106:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naveh Z, Lieberman A (1994) Landscape ecology: theory and application. Springer, New York, p 360

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Naveh Z (2007) Transdisciplinary challenges in landscape ecology and restoration ecology—an anthology. Landscape series, vol 6, XVII. Springer, Dordrecht, 423 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Neef E (1967) The theoretical foundations of landscape study (Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Landschaftslehre) (trans) Geographisch-Kartographische, Anstalt, ed., 18–38. VEB Hermann Haack, Gotha/Leipzig. In: Wiens JH, Moss MR, Turner MG, Mladenoff DJ (eds) Foundation papers in landscape ecology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 225–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolson (1995) A historical introduction. In: von Humboldt A (ed) Personal narrative of a journey to the equinoctial regions of the new continent. Abridged and translated by Jason Wilson and a historical introduction by Malcolm Nicholson. Penguin Books, London, p 311

    Google Scholar 

  • Nijhuis S, van Lammeren R, van der Hoeven F (2011) Exploring the visual landscape, research in urbanism series, vol 2. IOS Press, Amsterdam, p 334

    Google Scholar 

  • Nohl W (2001) Sustainable landscape use and aesthetic perception—preliminary reflections on future landscape aesthetics. Landscape Urban Plann 54:223–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ode Å, Tveit MS, Fry G (2008) Capturing landscape visual character using indicators: touching base with landscape aesthetic theory. Landscape Res 33(1):89–117

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2012) Defining Functional Urban Areas (FUA) for the OECD metropolitan database. OECD, 9 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Olwig KR (1996) Recovering the substantive nature of landscape. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 86(4):630–653

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olwig KR (2002) Landscape, nature and the body politic: from Britain’s renaissance to America’s new world. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, p 299

    Google Scholar 

  • Opdam P, Luque S, Jones KB (2009) Changing landscapes to accommodate for climate change impacts: a call for landscape ecology. Landscape Ecol 24(6):715–721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9377-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paffen K (ed) (1973) Das Wesen der Landschaft. Wege der Forschung, Band XXXIX, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 514 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Parris K (2003) Agricultural landscape indicators in the context of the OECD work on Agri-10 environmental indicators. In: Dramstad W, Sogge C (eds) Agricultural impacts on landscapes; developing indicators for policy analysis. Proceedings from the NIJOS/OECD expert meeting on agricultural landscape indicators in Oslo, Norway, 7–9 Oct 2002, pp 10–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Parris K (2004) Measuring changes in agricultural landscapes as a tool for policy makers. In: Brandt J, Vejre H (eds) Multifunctional landscapes. Theory, values and history, vol I. WIT Press, Southampton, 193–218 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasqualetti M, Stremke S (2018) Energy landscapes in a crowded world: a first typology of origins and expressions. Energy Res Soc Sci 36:94–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passarge S (1919–1921) Grundlage der Landschaftskunde, 3 vol. Friedrichsen, Hamburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Passarge S (1921–1930) Vergleichende Landschaftskunde, 5 vol. Reimer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Phipps M (1984) Rural landscape dynamics: the illustration of some key concepts. In: Brandt J, Agger P (eds) Proceedings of the first international seminar of IALE on the methodology in landscape ecological research and planning, vol I, Theme I. Roskilde University Centre, Roskilde, pp 47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto-Correia T, Gustavsson R, Pirnat J (2006) Bridging the gap between centrally defined policies and local decisions—towards more sensitive and creative rural landscape management. Landscape Ecol 21(3):333–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinto-Correia T, Cancela d’Abreu A, Oliveira R (2003) Landscape areas in Portugal—can they be a support for applying indicators? NIJOS/OECD expert meeting on agricultural landscape 7–9 Oct 2002, Oslo, Norway, NIJOS rapport 7/2003, pp 309–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto-Correia T, Primdahl J, Pedroli B (2018) European landscapes in transition—implications for policy and practice. Cambridge University Press, 330 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger T, Draux H, Fagerholm N, Bieling C, Bürgi M, Kizos T, Kuemmerle T, Primdahl J, Verburg PH (2016) The driving forces of landscape change in Europe: a systematic review of the evidence. Land Use Policy 57:204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potschin MB, Haines-Young RH (2006) Landscapes and sustainability. Landscape Urban Plann 75(3–4):155–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price C (2019) Researching the economics of landscape. In: Howard P, Thompson I, Waterton E, Atha M (eds) The Routledge companion to landscape studies, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 387–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigogine I (1955) Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL, p 115

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigogine I (1987) Exploring complexity. Eur J Oper Res 30(2):97–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primdahl J, Swaffield S (Eds.) (2010) Globalization and agricultural landscapes—change patterns and policy trends in developed countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 292 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees W (2001) Ecological footprint, concept of. In: Encyclopedia of biodiversity, vol 4. Academic Press, Waltham, MA, pp 229–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe M (2019) Landscape and participation. In: Howard P, Thompson I, Waterton E, Atha M (eds) The Routledge companion to landscape studies, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 402–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolston HI (1988) Environmental ethics. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, p 373

    Google Scholar 

  • Salerno F, Viviano G, Manfredi EC, Caroli P, Thakuri S, Tartari G (2013) Multiple carrying capacities from a management-oriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected areas. J Environ Manage 128:116–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sauer CO (1925) The morphology of landscape. University of California Publications in Geography, 2; reprinted in Leighly J (ed) (1974) Land and life. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, pp 315–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Saul H, Waterton E (2019) Anthropocene landscapes. In: Howard P, Thompson I, Waterton E, Atha M (eds) The Routledge companion to landscape studies, 2nd edn. Routledge, London, pp 139–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Schama S (1995) Landscape and memory. A. Knopf, New York, p 652

    Google Scholar 

  • Selman P (2006) Planning at the landscape scale. Routledge, London, p 213

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smuts JC (1926) Holism and evolution. The Macmillan Company, New York, p 376

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffen W, Broadgate W, Deutsche L, Gaffney O, Ludwig C (2015) The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the great acceleration. Anthropocene Rev 2(1):81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019614564785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen W, Crutzen J, McNeil JC (2007) The Anthropocene: are humans now overwhelming the great forces of nature? Ambio 36:614–621

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanwick C (2002) Landscape character assessment. Guidance for England and Scotland. The Countryside Agency, Scottish Natural Heritage. https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2018-02/Publication%202002%20-%20Landscape%20Character%20Assessment%20guidance%20for%20England%20and%20Scotland.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • Taylor C (2006) The making of the English landscape and beyond: inspiration and dissemination. Landscapes 2:96–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas WL (ed) (1956) Man’s role in the changing face of the earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p 1193

    Google Scholar 

  • Tremorshuizen JW, Opdam P (2009) Landscape services as a bridge between landscape ecology and sustainable development. Landscape Ecol 24(8):1037–1052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsjallingii SP, de Veer AA (eds) (1982) Perspectives in landscape ecology. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuan Y-F (1974) Topophilia: a study of environmental perception, attitudes and values. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 260 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO (1992) Cultural landscapes. http://whc.unesco.org/en/culturallandscape/#1. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • United Nations (1998) Aarhus convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to justice in environmental matters. United Nations, Aarhus. http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/pp/Publications/Aarhus_Implementation_Guide_interactive_eng.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2019

  • Unwin D (1981) Introductory spatial analysis. Methuen, London, p 212

    Google Scholar 

  • Uuemaa E, Mander Ü, Marja R (2012) Trends in the use of landscape spatial metrics as landscape indicators: a review. Ecol Ind 28:100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.07.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uuemaa E, Antrop M, Roosaare J, Marja R, Mander Ü (2009) Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research. Living Rev Landscape Res 3:1–28. http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/Articles/lrlr-2009-1/

  • von Humboldt A (1849) COSMOS: Sketch of a physical description of the universe, Vol. II, Translated by Sabine E, 7th edn, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London

    Google Scholar 

  • von Humboldt A (1858) Cosmos – a sketch of the physical description of the universe, Vol. I, Translation Otte, E.C., John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos W, Klijn J (2000) Trends in European landscape development: prospects for a sustainable future. In: Klijn J, Vos W (eds) From landscape ecology to landscape science. WLO, Wageningen, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp 13–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Wascher D (2003) Overview on agricultural landscape indicators across OECD countries. In: Dramstad W, Sogge C (eds) Agricultural impacts on landscapes; developing indicators for policy analysis. Proceedings from the NIJOS/OECD expert meeting on agricultural landscape indicators in Oslo, Norway, 7–9 Oct 2002, pp 19–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu J (2013) Landscape sustainability science: ecosystem services and human well-being in changing landscapes. Landscape Ecol 28:999–1023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wulf A (2015) The Invention of Nature – Alexander von Humboldt’s New World. A.A.Knopf, New York, 473 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DD, Brecke P, Lee HF, He Yuan-Qing, Zhang J (2007) Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history. PNAS 104(49):19214–19219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang DD, Lee HF, Wang Cong, Li Baosheng, Pei Qing, Zhang J, An Ylun (2011) Causality analysis of climate change and large-scale human crisis. PNAS 108(42):17296–17301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld JIS (1980) Het gat in de geografie. K.N.A.G. Tijdschrift, XIV 2:93–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld IS (1989) The land unit—a fundamental concept in landscape ecology and its applications. Landscape Ecol 3(2):67–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld IS (1995) Land ecology. SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam, 199 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld IS (2005) The land unit as a black box: a Pandora’s box? In: Wiens JA, Moss MR (eds) Issues in landscape ecology. Studies in landscape ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 331–345

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Landscape Research—Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Marc Antrop & Veerle Van Eetvelde

Authors
  1. Marc Antrop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Veerle Van Eetvelde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marc Antrop .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Guest Scientist, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Brandenburg, Germany

    Lothar Mueller

  2. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Brandenburg, Germany

    Frank Eulenstein

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Antrop, M., Van Eetvelde, V. (2019). Territory and/or Scenery: Concepts and Prospects of Western Landscape Research. In: Mueller, L., Eulenstein, F. (eds) Current Trends in Landscape Research. Innovations in Landscape Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30069-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation