Abstract
Vulnerability assessments are critical tools when exploring the Human Dimensions of Climate Change in the Global South. Additionally, Social Ecological Systems research utilizes such assessments to describe and predict potential spaces/tools of policy intervention. However, much of the assessment methodology fails to address the coupled structural processes underlying vulnerability and the experience of climate change. First, most scholarship does not operationalize mixed-methods research using plural epistemologies. Second, it fails to incorporate the communally produced knowledge of marginalized regional populations. Ultimately, power inequalities and their impact on vulnerability within complex adaptive systems, are overwhelmingly ignored. This project attempts to address these issues through a ‘Relational Vulnerability Analytic’ (RVA). We utilize a plural epistemological approach to construct an analytic that envisions the various relationships, processes and tools that need to be cultivated and managed in order to empower the community as co-producers of knowledge, while challenging the disciplinary bias in explorations of climate change risk and adaptation. Our method brings top-down spatial analysis tools, mathematical models, grounded ethnographic fieldwork and participatory feminist epistemologies into productive tension to reveal the sources of vulnerability and the agency of subjects, in rural Himalayan households. Additionally, we addresses the appeal for long term, collaborative, multi-dimensional research mobilization in the Himalayas. While the analytic is parameterized for the Himalayan region, it can be implemented in other regions with certain salient customizations. The project concludes that future efforts should be to operationalize this analytic for different regions and populations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adler RF, Gu G, Huffman GJ (2012) Estimating climatological bias errors for the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). J Appl Meteorol Climatol 51(1):84–99. https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-11-052.1
Ahlborg H, Nightingale AJ (2012) Mismatch between scales of knowledge in Nepalese forestry: epistemology, power, and policy implications. Ecol Soc 17(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05171-170416
Alcoff L, Potter E (1993) In: Alcoff L, Potter E (eds) Feminist epistemologies. Routledge, London
An L (2012) Modeling human decisions in coupled human and natural systems: review of agent-based models. Ecol Model 229:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.07.010
Balke T et al (2010) How do agents make decisions? A survey. Jasss 17(4):1. https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.2687
Barnett AJ, Eakin HC (2015) “We and us, not I and me”: justice, social capital, and household vulnerability in a Nova Scotia fishery. Appl Geogr Elsevier 59:107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.11.005
Berger T, Troost C (2014) Agent-based modelling of climate adaptation and mitigation options in agriculture. J Agric Econ 65(2):323–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12045
Beymer-farris BA, Bassett TJ, Bryceson I (2012) Promises and pitfalls of adaptive management in resilience thinking: the lens of political ecology. Resil Cult Lands:283–299. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139107778
Bharwani S (2004, December) Adaptive knowledge dynamics and emergent artificial societies: ethnographically based multi-agent simulations of behavioural adaptation in agro-climatic systems, p 369
Bharwani S et al (2015) Identifying salient drivers of livelihood decision-making in the forest communities of Cameroon: adding value to social simulation models. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 18((1)3):1–26
Bhattarai B, Beilin R, Ford R (2015) Gender, agrobiodiversity, and climate change: a study of adaptation practices in the Nepal Himalayas. World Dev Elsevier Ltd 70:122–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.003
Bithell M, Brasington J, Richards K (2008) Discrete-element, individual-based and agent-based models: tools for interdisciplinary enquiry in geography? Geoforum 39(2):625–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.10.014
Blythe J et al (2017) Feedbacks as a bridging concept for advancing transdisciplinary sustainability research. Curr Opin Environ Sustain Elsevier BV 26–27:114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.05.004
Boonstra WJ (2016) Conceptualizing power to study social-ecological interactions. Ecol Soc 21(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07966-210121
Broadhead RS, Rist RC (1976) Gatekeepers and the social control of social research. Soc Probl 23(325):8–23. https://doi.org/10.3868/s050-004-015-0003-8
Bruslé T (2008) Choosing a destination and work. Mt Res Dev 28(3/4):240–247. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.0934
Cardona OD, van Aalst MK, Birkmann M, Fordham G, McGregor R, Perez R, Pulwarty RS, Schipper ELF, Singh BT (2012) Determinants of risk: exposure and vulnerability. In: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation – a special report of working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 65–108. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177245.005
Carr ER, Owusu-Daaku KN (2016) The shifting epistemologies of vulnerability in climate services for development: the case of Mali’s agrometeorological advisory programme. Area 48:7–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12179
Castree N (2015) Coproducing global change research and geography {The} means and ends of engagement. Dial Hum Geogr 5(3):343–348. https://doi.org/10.1177/2043820615613265
Chakraborty R (2018) The invisible (mountain) man: migrant youth and relational vulnerability in the Indian Himalayas. Available from ProQuest dissertations and theses database. (UMI no. 10829862)
Chakraborty R, Daloz AS, Kumar M, Dimri AP (in press) Does awareness of climate change impacts lead to worries about it? Epistemological pluralism, parallel analysis and community perceptions of climate change in rural Himalayas
Chaudhary P, Bawa KS (2011) Local perceptions of climate change validated by scientific evidence in the Himalayas. Biol Lett 7(5):767–770. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0269
Choudhury MUI, Haque CE (2016) “We are more scared of the power elites than the floods”: adaptive capacity and resilience of wetland community to flash flood disasters in Bangladesh. Int J Dis Risk Reduc Elsevier 19:145–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.08.004
Clifford NJ (2008) Models in geography revisited. Geoforum 39(2):675–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.01.016
Cole J (2004) Fresh contact in Tamatave, Madagascar. Am Ethnol 31(4):573–588. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.2004.31.4.573
Conte R et al (2012) Manifesto of computational social science. Eur Phys J Spec Top 214(1):325–346. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01697-8
Cote M, Nightingale AJ (2012) Resilience thinking meets social theory. Prog Hum Geogr 36(4):475–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425708
Cresswell T (2015) Afterword – Asian mobilities/Asian frictions? Environ Plan A 48(6):1082–1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16647143
Davids T (2014) Trying to be a vulnerable observer: matters of agency, solidarity and hospitality in feminist ethnography. Women Stud Int Forum Elsevier Ltd 43:50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.02.006
Gellner DN (ed) (2013) Borderland lives in northern South Asia. Duke University Press, Durham & London
Davis M (2000) Late Victorian holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the third world. Verso, London/New York
Davidson DJ (2010) The applicability of the concept of resilience to social systems: some sources of optimism and nagging doubts. Soc Nat Resour 23(12):1135–1149. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941921003652940
Devi RM, Dimri AP, Dutta J (2014) Uttarakhand disaster: natural or man-made? – a meteorological investigation. J Appl For Ecol 2(September):32–38
Dee DP, Balmaseda M, Balsamo G, Engelen R, Simmons AJ, Thépaut J (2014) Toward a consistent reanalysis of the climate system. Bull Amer Meteor Soc 95:1235–1248. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00043.1
Dyson J (2015) Life on the hoof: gender, youth, and the environment in the Indian Himalayas. J R Anthropol Inst 21(1):49–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12147
Entwisle B et al (2016) Climate shocks and migration: an agent-based modeling approach. Popul Environ Springer Netherlands 38(1):47–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-016-0254-y
Eriksen SH, Nightingale AJ, Eakin H (2015) Reframing adaptation: the political nature of climate change adaptation. Glob Environ Change Elsevier Ltd 35:523–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.09.014
Fabinyi M, Evans L, Foale SJ (2014) Social-ecological systems, social diversity, and power: insights from anthropology and political ecology. Ecol Soc 19(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07029-190428
Folke C (2006) Resilience: the emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Glob Environ Chang 16(3):253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
Ford JD et al (2013) The dynamic multiscale nature of climate change vulnerability: an Inuit harvesting example. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 103(5):1193–1211. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.776880
Gentle P, Maraseni TN (2012) Climate change, poverty and livelihoods: adaptation practices by rural mountain communities in Nepal. Environ Sci Pol Elsevier Ltd 21:24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.007
Georgeff M et al (1998) The belief-desire-intention model of agency. In: Intelligent Agents V: agents theories, architectures, and languages. 5th international workshop, ATAL’98, pp 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-49057-4_1
Ghorbani A, Dijkema G, Schrauwen N (2015) Structuring qualitative data for agent-based modelling case study: horticulture innovation. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 18(1):1–6
Gidwani V, Sivaramakrishnan K (2003) Circular migration and the spaces of cultural assertion. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 93(1):186–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.93112
Goldman MJ, Turner MD, Daly M (2018) A critical political ecology of human dimensions of climate change: epistemology, ontology, and ethics. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Chang 9:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.526
Guneratne A (2010) Culture and environment in the Himalayas. Routledge, London
Gupta V (2011) A critical assessment of climate change impacts, vulnerability and policy in India. Pres Environ Sustain Dev 5(1):11–22
Guthman J (1997) Representing crisis: the theory of Himalayan environmental degradation and the project of development in post-Rana Nepal. Dev Chang 28(1):45–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00034
Hartmann DL, Tank AMGK, Rusticucci M (2013) IPCC fifth assessment report, climate change 2013: the physical science basis. IPCC, AR5 (January 2014), pp 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Head L, Gibson C (2012) Becoming differently modern: geographic contributions to a generative climate politics. Prog Hum Geogr 36(6):699–714. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512438162
Herbert-Cheshire L, Higgins V (2004) From risky to responsible: expert knowledge and the governing of community-led rural development. J Rural Stud 20(3):289–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2003.10.006
Hewitt K, Mehta M (2012) Rethinking risk and disasters in mountain areas. Revue de géographie alpine 100–1:0–13. https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.1653
Hoermann B, Kollmair M (2009) Labour migration and remittances in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain, Kathmandu
Holling CS (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
Hoque SF, Quinn CH, Sallu SM (2017) Resilience, political ecology, and well-being: an interdisciplinary approach to understanding social-ecological change in coastal Bangladesh. Ecol Soc 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09422-220245
Hoy A et al (2016) Climatic changes and their impact on socio-economic sectors in the Bhutan Himalayas: an implementation strategy. Reg Environ Change Springer Berlin/Heidelberg 16(5):1401–1415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0868-0
Ives JD (2004) The theory of Himalayan environmental degradation: its validity and application challenged by recent research author(s): Jack D. Ives Conference: The Himalaya-Ganges Problem (August, 1987 ), pp. 189–199. Published by: Int Mt Soc 7(3):189–199
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp
IPCC (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp
Jain A (2010) Labour migration and remittances in Uttarakhand. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu
Janes JE (2016) Democratic encounters? Epistemic privilege, power, and community-based participatory action research. Action Res 14(1):72–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476750315579129
Janssen MA, Ostrom E (2006) Empirically based, agent-based models. Ecol Soc 11(2):art37. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-01861-110237
Jeffrey C (2010) Timepass: youth, class, and time among unemployed young men in India. Am Ethnol 37(3):465–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01266.x
Jones JW et al (2003) The DSSAT cropping system model. Eur J Agron. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00107-7
Kelkar U et al (2008) Vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability and water stress in Uttarakhand State, India. Glob Environ Chang 18(4):564–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.09.003
Kelly PM, Adger WN (2000) Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Clim Chang 47(4):325–352. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005627828199
Kingsley J, ‘Yotti’ et al (2010) Using a qualitative approach to research to build trust between a non-aboriginal researcher and aboriginal participants (Australia). Qual Res J 10(1):2–12. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ1001002
Korzenevica M, Agergaard J (2017) “The house cannot stay empty”: a case of young rural Nepalis negotiating multilocal householding. Asian Popul Stud Taylor & Francis 13(2):124–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2017.1303110
Leach M, Scoones I, Stirling A (2010) Governing epidemics in an age of complexity: narratives, politics and pathways to sustainability. Glob Environ Change Elsevier Ltd 20(3):369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.11.008
Lövbrand E et al (2015) Who speaks for the future of Earth? How critical social science can extend the conversation on the Anthropocene. Glob Environ Chang 32:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.03.012
Mahony M, Hulme M (2016) Epistemic geographies of climate change. Prog Hum Geogr:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516681485
Mathur N (2015a) A “remote” town in the Indian Himalaya. Mod Asian Stud 49(2):365–392. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X1300053X
Mathur N (2015b) “It’s a conspiracy theory and climate change ” of beastly encounters and cervine dissapearances in Himalayan India. HAU J Ethnogr Theor 5(1):87–111
Mcguirk P, O’Neill P (2012) Critical geographies with the state: the problem of social vulnerability and the politics of engaged research. Antipode 44(4):1374–1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2011.00976.x
Metz JJ (2010) Downward spiral? Interrogating narratives of environmental change in the Himalaya. In: Guneratne A (ed) Culture and environment in the Himalayas. Routledge, London
Miller F et al (2010) Resilience and vulnerability: complementary or conflicting concepts? Ecol Soc 15(3):11
Millington J et al (2017) Integrating modelling approaches for understanding telecoupling: global food trade and local land use. Land 6(3):56. https://doi.org/10.3390/land6030056
Molen N (2016) A method for employing qualitative data in the development of spatial agent-based models. Michigan State University, Michigan
Molony T, Hammett D (2007) The friendly financier: talking money with the silenced assistant. Hum Organ 66(3):292–300
Murphy BL (2011) From interdisciplinary to inter-epistemological approaches: confronting the challenges of integrated climate change research. Can Geogr 55(4):490–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2011.00388.x
Nakamura K (2013) Making sense of sensory ethnography: the sensual and the multisensory. Am Anthropol 115(1):132–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01543.x
Nightingale A (2003) A feminist in the forest: situated knowledges and mixing methods in natural resource management. Acme 2(1):77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00025-1
Nightingale AJ (2016) Adaptive scholarship and situated knowledges? Hybrid methodologies and plural epistemologies in climate change adaptation research. Area:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12195
Nightingale AJ (2017) Power and politics in climate change adaptation efforts: struggles over authority and recognition in the context of political instability. Geoforum Elsevier 84(May):11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.05.011
Ostrom E (2009) Social-ecological systems. Science 325(5939):419–422
Pandey R, Jha SK (2012) Climate vulnerability index – measure of climate change vulnerability to communities: a case of rural lower Himalaya, India. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 17(5):487–506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-011-9338-2
Pandey R et al (2017) Agroecology as a climate change adaptation strategy for small holders of Tehri-Garhwal in the Indian Himalayan region. Small Scale For Springer Netherlands 16(1):53–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11842-016-9342-1
Pant A (2016) Rural tourism a solution for ghost villages of Uttarakhand. Int J New Technol Res 6:52–60
Peet R, Robbins P, Watts M (2011) Global political ecology (Peet R, Robbins P, Watts M (eds)). Routledge, London
Pfaff-Czarnecka J, Toffin G (2011) Introduction: belonging and multiple attachments in contemporary Himalayan societies. The politics of belonging in the Himalayas: local attachments and boundary dynamics, pp xi–xxxviii. https://doi.org/10.4135/9788132107729
Popke J (2016) Researching the hybrid geographies of climate change: reflections from the field. Area 48(1):2–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12220
Rawat PK, Tiwari PC, Pant CC (2012) Climate change accelerating land use dynamic and its environmental and socio-economic risks in the Himalayas. Int J Climate Change Strateg Manage 4(4):452–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/17568691211277764
Ren GY, Shrestha AB (2017) Climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. Adv Clim Change Res (National Climate Center (China Meteorological Administration)) 8(3):137–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.09.001
Ribot J (2010) Vulnerability does not fall from the sky: towards multi-scale, pro-poor climate policy. Social dimensions of climate change: equity and vulnerability in a warming world, p 319. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/34/342040
Ribot J (2014) Cause and response: vulnerability and climate in the Anthropocene. J Peasant Stud 41(5):667–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.894911
Rienecker MM, Suarez MJ, Gelaro R, Todling R, BacmeisterE J, Liu MG, Bosilovich SD, Schubert L, Takacs G, Kim S, Bloom J, Chen D, Collins A, da Conaty A, Silva WG, Joiner J, Koster RD, Lucchesi R, Molod A, Owens T, Pawson S, Pegion P, Redder CR, Reichle R, Robertson FR, Ruddick AG, Sienkiewicz M, Woollen J (2011) MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J Clim 24:3624–3648. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1Metz (2010)
Robinson DT et al (2007) Comparison of empirical methods for building agent-based models in land use science. J Land Use Sci 2(1):31–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474230701201349
Rodrigues CD (2014) Doing research in violent settings: ethical considerations and ethics committees. DSD Working Papers on Research Security, No.5, pp 1–20
Rosegrant MW et al (2014) Food security in a world of natural resource scarcity: role of agricultural technologies. IFPRI Book. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896298477
Samson E et al (2017) Early engagement of stakeholders with individual-based modeling can inform research for improving invasive species management: the round goby as a case study. Front Ecol Evol 5(November):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00149
Satyal P et al (2017) A new Himalayan crisis? Exploring transformative resilience pathways. Environ Model Softw Elsevier Ltd 23(November 2016):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2017.02.010
Schild A (2008) ICIMOD’s position on climate change and mountain systems. Mt Res Dev 28(3/4):328–331. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mp009
Schreinemachers P, Berger T (2011) An agent-based simulation model of human-environment interactions in agricultural systems. Environ Model Softw Elsevier Ltd 26(7):845–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.02.004
Sharma JR (2013) Marginal but modern: young Nepali labour migrants in India. Young 21(4):347–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308813506307
Sharma E et al (2009) Climate change impacts and vulnerability in the eastern Himalayas. Icimod, p 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88246-6
Shneiderman S (2010) Are the central Himalayas in Zomia? Some scholarly and political considerations across time and space. J Glob Hist 5(2):289–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1740022810000094
Shneiderman S (2016) Association for Nepal and afterword|Charting Himalayan histories afterword. Chart Himal Hist 35(2):136–138
Singer M (1995) Beyond the ivory tower: critical praxis in medical anthropology. Published by Wiley on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable. URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/648559. Beyond Ivory Tower Critic Prax Med Anthropol 9(1):80–106
Singh SP, Thadani R (2015) Complexities and controversies in Himalayan research: a call for collaboration and rigor for better data. Mt Res Dev 35(4):401–409. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00045
Singh D, Padgham L, Logan B (2016) Integrating BDI agents with agent-based simulation platforms. Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst Springer US 30(6):1050–1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-016-9332-x
Smith S (2012) Intimate geopolitics: religion, marriage, and reproductive bodies in Leh, Ladakh. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 102(6):1511–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.660391
Smith SH (2013) “In the heart, there”s nothing’: unruly youth, generational vertigo and territory. Trans Inst Br Geogr 38(4):572–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00547.x
Smith SH, Gergan M (2015) The diaspora within: Himalayan youth, education-driven migration, and future aspirations in India. Envir Plan D Soc Space 33(1):119–135. https://doi.org/10.1068/d13152p
Smith A, Hall M, Sousanis N (2015) Envisioning possibilities: visualising as enquiry in literacy studies. Literacy 49(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/lit.12050
Stone-Jovicich S (2015) Probing the interfaces between the social sciences and social-ecological resilience: insights from integrative and hybrid perspectives in the social sciences. Ecol Soc 20(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07347-200225
Sturm A, Dori D, Shehory O (2010) An object-process-based modeling language for multiagent systems. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybernet Part C Appl Rev 40(2):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCC.2009.2037133
Sun Z et al (2016) Simple or complicated agent-based models? A complicated issue. Environ Model Softw Elsevier Ltd 86(3):56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2016.09.006
Taylor J (2011) The intimate insider: negotiating the ethics of friendship when doing insider research. Qual Res 11(1):3–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794110384447
Tiwari PC, Joshi B (2015) Climate change and rural out-migration in Himalaya. Change Adapt Socio Ecol Syst 2(1):8–25. https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2015-0002
Tiwari PC, Joshi B (2016) Gender processes in rural out-migration and socio-economic development in the Himalaya. Migr Dev Routledge 5(2):330–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2015.1022970
Turner S (2010) Challenges and dilemmas: fieldwork with upland minorities in socialist Vietnam, Laos and southwest China. Asia Pac Viewp 51(2):121–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2010.01419.x
Turner MD (2014) Political ecology I. Prog Hum Geogr 38(4):616–623. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513502770
Turner MD (2016) Climate vulnerability as a relational concept. Geoforum Elsevier Ltd 68:29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.006
Turner BL, Robbins P (2008) Land-change science and political ecology: similarities, differences, and implications for sustainability science. Annu Rev Environ Resour 33(1):295–316. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.022207.104943
Turner BL et al (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(14):8074–8079. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1231335100
Van Stapele N (2014) Intersubjectivity, self-reflexivity and agency: narrating about “self” and “other” in feminist research. Women Stud Int Forum Elsevier Ltd 43:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.06.010
Verburg PH et al (2016) Methods and approaches to modelling the Anthropocene. Glob Environ Change Elsevier Ltd 39:328–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.08.007
Vogel, C. et al. (2007) ‘Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: pathways, players, and partnerships’, Glob Environ Chang, 17(3–4), pp. 349–364. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.002
Wellman MP (2016) Putting the agent in agent-based modeling. Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst Springer US 30(6):1175–1189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-016-9336-6
Wise S, Crooks AT (2012) Agent-based modeling for community resource management: Acequia-based agriculture. Comp Environ Urban Syst Elsevier Ltd 36(6):562–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2012.08.004
Yang L, Gilbert N (2008) Getting away from numbers: using qualitative observation for agent-based modeling. Adv Complex Syst 11(2):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525908001556
Yeh ET et al (2014) Tibetan pastoralists’ vulnerability to climate change: a political ecology analysis of snowstorm coping capacity. Hum Ecol 42(1):61–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-013-9625-5
You QL et al (2017) An overview of studies of observed climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. Adv Clim Change Res Elsevier Ltd 8(3):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.04.001
Zhan Y-J et al (2017) Changes in extreme precipitation events over the Hindu Kush Himalayan region during 1961–2012. Adv Clim Change Res Elsevier Ltd 8(3):166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.08.002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chakraborty, R. et al. (2020). A Relational Vulnerability Analytic: Exploring Hybrid Methodologies for Human Dimensions of Climate Change Research in the Himalayas. In: Dimri, A., Bookhagen, B., Stoffel, M., Yasunari, T. (eds) Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-29683-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-29684-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)