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Zionism and the British Labour Party

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The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public

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Abstract

Historian of the British empire, Archibald Thornton, asserted in 1959 that ‘the Labour Party was always a strong supporter of Zionism.’ His remark cannot pass without qualification. To see that Thornton disregarded significant features of an uneven history, we need only to bring to mind the anger with which Zionists received the Passfield White Paper, which proposed restrictions on both Jewish immigration to Palestine and land purchases, or to recall the policies pursued between 1945 and 1948 by Ernest Bevin and Clement Attlee, labour foreign secretary and prime minister, respectively, as they resisted the Zionist drive toward independent statehood. Yet Thornton was not altogether wrong. Through most of the twentieth century, the sympathies of Labour Party politicians and activists were overwhelmingly with the Yishuv and then, after 1948, with Israel. This was the case even when the policies of the Labour governments led them into conflict with Zionist ambitions.

This chapter first appeared in Ethan B. Katz, Lisa Moses Leff and Maud S. Mandel (eds), Colonialism and the Jews (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017), 193–214. It is reproduced here by kind permission of the publisher.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Archibald Thornton, The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London: Macmillan, 1959).

  2. 2.

    Beatrice Webb, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, vol. 4, 1924–1943: The Wheel of Life, ed. Norman and Jeanne Mackenzie (London: Virago, 1985), 190.

  3. 3.

    Brockway, quoted in Stephen Howe, Anticolonialism in British Politics: The Left and the End of Empire, 1918–1964 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993), 149.

  4. 4.

    Joseph Gorny, The British Labour Movement and Zionism, 1917–1948 (London: Totowa, 1983), 7.

  5. 5.

    David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the 20th Century (London: Longman, 1991), 103; and James Renton, The Zionist Masquerade: The Birth of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance, 1914–1918 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).

  6. 6.

    June Edmunds, “The Evolution of British Labour Party Policy on Israel from 1967 to the Intifada,” Twentieth Century British History, 11, 1 (2000): 23–41.

  7. 7.

    June Edmunds, The Left and Israel: Party Policy Change and Internal Democracy (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 66.

  8. 8.

    Ibid.; See too William Roger Louis, “The Ghost of Suez and Resolution 242,” in The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences, ed. William Roger Louis and Avi Shlaim, 219–246 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012). On Tribune, see James R. Vaughan, “‘Keep Left for Israel’: Tribune, Zionism and the Middle East, 1937–1967,” Contemporary British History, 27, 1 (2013): 1–21.

  9. 9.

    United Nations General Assembly, “Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during its Thirtieth Session,” accessed July 4, 2016, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/30/ares30.htm.

  10. 10.

    Dave Rich, “Zionists and Anti-Zionists: Political Protest and Student Activism in Britain, 1968–1986” (Ph.D. diss., Birkbeck, University of London, 2015).

  11. 11.

    Edmunds, “Evolution of British Labour Party Policy,” 30–32.

  12. 12.

    Paul Keleman, The British Left and Zionism: History of a Divorce (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2012), 203.

  13. 13.

    Shlomo Avineri, “Western Anti-Zionism: The Middle Ground,” in Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World, ed. Robert Wistrich (New York: New York University Press, 1990), 173–174. The interpretation offered in this essay differs from Keleman’s in some significant respects, as I indicate in the notes, but it is similar in others. It is all the more important, therefore, to acknowledge that Keleman’s important book stands as the most extensively researched work on the subject.

  14. 14.

    Robert S. Wistrich, A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to Global Jihad (New York: Random House, 2010), 383, 386.

  15. 15.

    Anthony Julius, Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 441. See also Geoffrey Alderman, The Jewish Community and London Politics, 1889–1986 (London: Routledge, 1989), 117.

  16. 16.

    These accounts also betray a weak understanding of the British Left. Wistrich, for example, pays inordinate attention to marginal Trotskyite groups such as the Workers Revolutionary Party and their Libyan-funded newspaper News Line.

  17. 17.

    Colin Shindler, Israel and the European Left: Between Solidarity and Delegitimization (London: Continuum, 2011).

  18. 18.

    Edmunds, “Evolution of British Labour Party Policy,” 34; see also Keleman, Left, 2012, 244; and Toby Greene, Blair, Labour and Palestine: Conflicting views on Middle East peace after 9/11 (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2013). Keleman, in The British left, dwells neither on political culture nor on issues connected to empire. Instead he offers an interpretation that places emphasis on organisation: in this case on the rise and fall of the influence of Poale Zion as an affiliated society within the British Labour Party. Keleman, however, does not manage to demonstrate the impact of Poale Zion either on Labour Party thinking and policy making. There is a need for more research on this point.

  19. 19.

    The proposal was ill-fated not only because the Zionists turned down the offer but also because it has been forever misnamed ‘the Uganda’ offer, perhaps because of the proximity to the Uganda railway of the first parcel of land the British offered. Robert Weisbord, African Zion: The Attempt to Establish a Jewish Colony in the East Africa Protectorate, 1903–1905 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968).

  20. 20.

    More broadly on this point, see Derek J. Penslar, “Is Zionism a Colonial Movement?” in Colonialism and the Jews, edited by Ethan B Katz, Lisa Moses Leff and Maud S. Mandel (Indiana University Press: Bloomington, 2017), chapter 12.

  21. 21.

    On British policy, see Bernard Wasserstein, The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict, 1917–1929 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1978); and Rory Miller, ed., Britain, Palestine and the Empire: The Mandate Years (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010).

  22. 22.

    James Ramsay MacDonald, A Socialist in Palestine (London: Jewish Socialist Labour Confederation Poale Zion, 1922). I am very grateful to Andrew Whitehead for allowing me to see his copy of this pamphlet. On Labour ideology and Zionism in this period, see Paul Keleman, “Zionism and the British Labour Party, 1917–1939,” Social History 21 (1996): 71–87.

  23. 23.

    Jon Lawrence, “Labour and the Politics of Class,” in Structures and Transformations in Modern British History, ed. David Feldman and Jon Lawrence, 237–261 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

  24. 24.

    On this, see Thornton, The Imperial Idea, 276–278; Gregory Claeys, Imperial Sceptics: British Critics of Empire, 1850–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), chap. 2; and David Fieldhouse, “The Labour Governments and the Empire-Commonwealth,” in The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments, 1945–1951, ed. Ritchie Ovendale (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1984).

  25. 25.

    Macdonald, A Socialist in Palestine.

  26. 26.

    Josiah Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion (London: Labour Pub. Co., 1928). See also Norman Rose, “The Seventh Dominion,” Historical Journal 14, 2 (1971): 397–416; and Paul Mulvey, The Political Life of Josiah C. Wedgwood: Land, Liberty and Empire, 1872–1943 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 2010). I have also learnt from Arie. Dubnov, “The Dream of the Seventh Dominion: British Liberal Imperialism and the Palestine Question,” (unpublished).

  27. 27.

    Wedgwood, The Seventh Dominion, ix.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 2.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., 3–4.

  30. 30.

    Wedgwood reserved special contempt for missionaries ‘whose very environment and profession makes them anti-Jew if not anti-Semite. Their every political instinct is against the new prospects opening up for the land that they have made their own. To them Palestine is the Holy Land, a land of shrines and memories, to be preserved, as it was in the time of Our Saviour, unsullied by modernism and materialism.’ Ibid., 5.

  31. 31.

    Ibid., 10. On Catholic landownership among Arabs, see Seth J. Frantzman and Ruth Kark, ‘The Catholic Church in Palestine/Israel: Real Estate in terra sancta,’ Middle Eastern Studies 50, 3 (2014): 370–396.

  32. 32.

    Ibid., 7.

  33. 33.

    Rose, “The Seventh Dominion,” 403.

  34. 34.

    Macdonald, A Socialist in Palestine, 9.

  35. 35.

    Gorny, British Labour Movement, 33–34. The significance of Christian Zionism in shaping British responses Zionist ambitions up to 1917 is a point of controversy. For contrasting views, see Eitan Bar-Yosef, The Holy Land in English Culture, 1799–1917: Palestine and the Question of Orientalism (Oxford: Clarendon, 2005); and Donald Lewis, The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury and Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). The point here, however, concerns the influence of forms of nonconformist Christianity within the interwar Labour Party. In addition to Macdonald’s comment we can note that Ernest Bevin’s years as Baptist Sunday school teacher and lay preacher did not leave a proto-Zionist imprint. C. Wrigley, “Bevin, Ernest (1881–1951),” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), online edn., 2008.

  36. 36.

    Macdonald, A Socialist in Palestine, 18.

  37. 37.

    Schneier Levenberg, The Jews and Palestine: A Study in Labour Zionism (London: Poale Zion, 1945), 234.

  38. 38.

    Aside from Keleman’s The British Left and Zionism, the most detailed account of the relationship of British socialists to Zionism is Gorny’s The British Labour Movement and Zionism, which provides a valuable and detailed account of attitudes and policies within the Labour Party. However, Gorny’s view that ‘British labour’s relationship with Zionism was founded not on general socialist principles but on sympathy on the part of the British’ stands in contrast to the argument presented here and is based on a misunderstanding of what socialism signified in Labour Party circles. See Gorny, British Labour Movement, xii–xiii.

  39. 39.

    In this regard there was a fundamental continuity with preceding policy. See Wasserstein, British in Palestine.

  40. 40.

    Michael Joseph Cohen, Britain’s Moment in Palestine: Retrospect and Perspectives, 1917–48 (London: Routledge, 2014), 216–228.

  41. 41.

    Chaim Weizmann, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, ed., Barnett Litvinoff, vol. 15, series A, October 1930–June 1933, ed. Camilio Dresner (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1978).

  42. 42.

    Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 1930–1931, vol. 245, 148, 183–184; and Geoffrey Alderman, The Jewish Community in British Politics (Oxford: Clarendon, 1983), 112–114.

  43. 43.

    Cohen, Britain’s Moment in Palestine, 229–235; Carly Beckerman-Boys, “British Foreign Policy Decision-Making Towards Palestine During the Mandate (1917–1948): A Polihueristic Perspective” (Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013), 136–173; and Susan Pedersen, “The Impact of League Oversight on British Policy,” in Palestine, Britain and Empire, ed. Rory Miller, 39–65 (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010).

  44. 44.

    Cohen, Britain’s Moment in Palestine, 300–304.

  45. 45.

    Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 1938–1939, 347, col. 2143–2144.

  46. 46.

    Labour Party Archive, People’s History Museum Manchester, Labour Party Advisory Committee on Imperial Questions. “Palestine,” Miss A. Susan Lawrence, January 1937; and Palestine Sub-Committee, Memorandum adopted at the House of Commons February 10th 1937. Paul Keleman, in The British Left, claims that Poale Zion strongly influenced the formation of Labour Party thinking on Palestine. These committee papers provide evidence that Poale Zion was consulted, but nothing more than that.

  47. 47.

    Labour Party Advisory Committee on Imperial Questions. “Palestine,” Miss A. Susan Lawrence, January, 1937; Palestine Sub-Committee, Memorandum adopted at the House of Commons February 10, 1937.

  48. 48.

    Ben Pimlott, Hugh Dalton (London: J. Cape, 1985), 389–391.

  49. 49.

    Quoted in Kenneth Harris, Attlee (London: Methuen, 1982), 390.

  50. 50.

    Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (New York, Norton, 1983), 168–171, 254–258.

  51. 51.

    Quoted in Harris, Attlee, 394.

  52. 52.

    Ritchie Ovendale, Britain, the United States and the End of the Palestine Mandate, 1942–1948 (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell, 1989).

  53. 53.

    Bullock, Ernest Bevin, 47.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., esp. 171, 366–367.

  55. 55.

    See the report of the National Executive Committee lobbying ministers Central Zionist Archives, Z4/302/30, reproduced in Michael Joseph Cohen, ed., The Rise of Israel: A Documentary Record from the Nineteenth Century to 1948, vol. 31 (New York: Garland, 1987), 166.

  56. 56.

    Richard Crossman and Michael Foot, A Palestine Munich? (London: Gollancz, 1946), 7, 29.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 4–6.

  58. 58.

    Middle East Centre Archive, Oxford, Crossman, RHS GB165-0068, file 1/101, The Palestine Report—address given at Chatham House, June 13, 1946.

  59. 59.

    Richard Crossman, An Englishman Looks at Palestine (Johannesburg: S.A. Zionist Federation, 1950), 5–6.

  60. 60.

    The quote comes from the concluding lines of William Blake’s poem ‘Jerusalem’ and was used as a campaign slogan by the party in the 1945 general election.

  61. 61.

    Crossman, An Englishman, 18–19.

  62. 62.

    Crossman and Foot, A Palestine Munich, 25.

  63. 63.

    Watson quoted in John Callaghan, The Labour Party and Foreign Policy: A History (London: Routledge, 2007), 231.

  64. 64.

    Edmunds, The Left and Israel, 71–72.

  65. 65.

    Callaghan, The Labour Party, 235–236.

  66. 66.

    Edmunds, The Left and Israel, 71–72.

  67. 67.

    Keleman, The British Left and Zionism, 162; and Vaughan, ‘Keep left,’ 14.

  68. 68.

    Parliamentary Debates, Commons, 1972–1973, 5th series, vol. 861, col. 484–485.

  69. 69.

    Ibid., col. 440.

  70. 70.

    Bodleian Library, Special Collections, Harold Wilson papers, c. 1629, November 15, 1984, Israel.

  71. 71.

    In addition to those mentioned above, see Greene, Blair, Labour and Palestine, 40.

  72. 72.

    June Edmunds, “The British Labour Party in the 1980s: The Battle over the Palestinian Israeli Conflict,” Politics 18, 2 (1998): 114.

  73. 73.

    Edmunds, The Left and Israel, 87–89, 95–107; Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy: the History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 461; and Alderman, The Jewish Community, 125–136.

  74. 74.

    Labour Party Campaign for Palestine, Newsletter, 1984, 1, 3.

  75. 75.

    Edmunds, Israel and the Left, 105; and Martin Pugh, Speak for Britain! A New History of the Labour Party (London: Bodley Head, 2010), 372–382.

  76. 76.

    Greene, Blair, Labour and Palestine, 20.

  77. 77.

    Kaufmann, quoted in ibid., 40.

  78. 78.

    Cook, quoted in Mark Wickham-Jones, “Labours trajectory in foreign affairs: the moral crusade of a pivotal power,” in New Labour’s Foreign Policy: a New Moral Crusade?, eds. Richard Little and Mark Wickham-Jones (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 3, 9–11.

  79. 79.

    Rosemary Hollis, Britain and the Middle East in the 9/11 Era (London: Chatham House, 2010), 73–74; and “Middle East: Robin Cook to Go Ahead with Housing Project Visit,” video, March 16, 1998, AP Archive, http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/MIDDLE-EAST-ROBIN-COOK-TO-GO-AHEAD-WITH-HOUSING-PROJECT-VISIT-2-/90a914c284d7d38a6333cdc809a23fd8?query=MIDDLE+EAST&current=5&orderBy=Relevance&hits=1622&referrer=search&search=%2Fsearch%3Fquery%3DMIDDLE%2520EAST%26allFilters%3DHosni%2520Mubarak%3APeople&allFilters=Hosni+Mubarak%3APeople&productType=IncludedProducts&page=1&b=a23fd8.

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  1. Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism, School of Social Sciences, History and Philosophy, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK

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Feldman, D. (2019). Zionism and the British Labour Party. In: Allwork, L., Pistol, R. (eds) The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public. The Holocaust and its Contexts. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28675-0_3

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