Abstract
Since its opening, the Atlantic world had economically connected its adjacent continents, bringing unknown foods and goods to the various parts of this trade network. Trade created new economic opportunities, industry, and eventually prosperous port cities. With the independence of the Americas and these markets leaving the restrictive colonial trade system, a vast array of merchants desired to benefit.
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Notes
- 1.
Moritz Lindeman, Der Norddeutsche Lloyd: Geschichte und Handbuch (Bremen, Germany: Schünemann, 1892), 63.
- 2.
Daniel A. Butler, The Age of Cunard: A Transatlantic History 1839–2003 (Annapolis, MD: Lighthouse Press Publication, 2004), 38; A. Fraser-Macdonald, Our Ocean Railways (London, UK: Chapman and Hall, 1893), 79, 81; Francis E. Hyde, Cunard and the North Atlantic, 1840–1973: A History of Shipping and Financial Management (London, UK: Macmillan, 1975), 4; Nick S. Robins, The Coming of the Comet: The Rise and Fall of the Paddle Steamer (Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing, 2012), 5–6.
- 3.
Hyde, Cunard and the North Atlantic, 8; Fraser-Macdonald, Our Ocean Railways, 81–82.
- 4.
Crosbie Smith and Anne Scott, “‘Trust in Providence’: Building Confidence into the Cunard Line of Steamers,” Technology and Culture 48 (July 2007), 474, 482, 493.
- 5.
Butler, The Age of Cunard, 82–83.
- 6.
Ibid., 86–87.
- 7.
December 29, 1850, pp. 191–192, book 13, January 3, 1853, p. 172, March 11, 1853, p. 201, June 22, 1853, pp. 275–278, June 30, 1853, pp. 285–286, book 15, Landesbibliothek Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany; Rudolph M. Schleiden, Schleswig-Holsteins erste Erhebung, 1848–1849 (Wiesbaden, Germany: Verlag von J. F. Bergmann, 1891), 11.
- 8.
Ludwig Beutin, Bremen und Amerika: Zur Geschichte der Weltwirtschaft und der Beziehungen Deutschlands zu den Vereinigten Staaten (Bremen, Germany: C. Schünemann, 1953), 80–81.
- 9.
Johannes Nicolaus Hudtwalcker to Carl Hermann Merck, January 31, 1861, CL VI no. 16p, Vol. 4b, Fasc 13c, 111–1 Senat, Staatsarchiv der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg.
- 10.
James Watson Webb to William Henry Seward, October 8, 1863, M121, Despatches From U.S. Ministers to Brazil, 1809–1906, National Archives, Washington, DC.
- 11.
T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Vintage Books, 2010), 64, 218–220, 225, 259.
- 12.
Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom in Each Year from 1840 to 1853 (London, UK: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1854), 20; Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom in Each of the Last Fifteen Years from 1862 to 1876 (London, UK: George Edward Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1877), 94.
- 13.
Report of the Secretary of the Treasury … Commerce and Navigation, 1859–1860 (Washington, DC: George W. Bowman, 1860), 534–545.
- 14.
Beutin, Bremen und Amerika, 27–29.
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Eichhorn, N. (2019). Trade Relations. In: Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27640-9_3
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