On the Notion of “Workers’ Control” in Marx and Marxists (1871–1917): A Survey

Amini, Babak

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24815-4_7

Babak Amini⁶

Part of the book series: Marx, Engels, and Marxisms ((MAENMA))

679 Accesses

Abstract

The notion of “workers’ control” has been used to cover a wide range of phenomena, from limited workers’ supervision of working conditions to a full workers’ management of the social relation of production. Insofar as it is used within Marxism, the notion is utilized in this chapter in opposition to the most hegemonic forms of Marxism in the twentieth century to trace the conceptual genesis of a vision of communist society based on Marx’s notion of a “society of free and associated producers”. The chapter illustrates the extent to which the idea of “workers’ control” finds different expression in Marx and some of the Marxist theorists between 1871 and the February Revolution.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 109.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Softcover Book: USD 139.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 139.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
For diversity on the notion among the various schools of thoughts, see Immanuel Ness and Dario Azzellini, eds., Ours to Master and to Own: Workers’ Control from the Commune to the Present (Chicago: Haymarket, 2011); Dario Azzellini and Michael Kraft, eds., The Class Strikes Back: Self-Organised Workers’ Struggles in the Twenty-First Century (Leiden: Brill, 2018); Maximilien Rubel and John Crump, eds., Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984); Catherine Mulder, Transcending Capitalism through Cooperative Practices (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); Bernard Shaw, ed., Fabian Essays (London: Allen & Unwin, 1948); Gregory K. Dow, Governing the Firm: Workers’ Control in Theory and Practice (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
2.
Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (Part 3) (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 157.
3.
For example, see Paul Mattick, “Workers’ Control,” in Anti-Bolshevik Communism (Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2007), 211–31.
4.
See Dick Geary, ed., Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe before 1914 (Oxford: Berg, 1989); Geoff Eley, Forging Democracy the History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
5.
See Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century (London: Tauris, 2014), 1–30; Stefano Bartolini, The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Ira Katznelson and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds., Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986).
6.
See Marcello Musto, “Introduction,” in Workers Unite! The International 150 Years Later, ed. Marcello Musto (New York: Bloomsbury, 2014), 51–63.
7.
See David Berry and Constance Bantman, eds., New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism: The Individual, the National and the Transnational (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2010); Peter H. Marshall, Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (London: HarperCollins, 1992), esp. part V.
8.
See Marcel van der Linden and Wayne Thorpe, eds., Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective (Aldershot: Scolar, 1990).
9.
See Antoine Prost, “Workers,” in The Cambridge History of the First World War, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).
10.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “General Rules of the International Working Men’s Association,” in Workers Unite, 265.
11.
Karl Marx, and Frederick Engels, “Circular Letter to August Bebel, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Wilhelm Brucke and Others,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989), 24: 269.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Marx and Engels, “General Rules of the International Working Men’s Association,” 268.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, “[On the Political Action of the Working Class and Other Matters],” in Workers Unite, 285.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Karl Marx, “The Civil War in France,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986), 22: 328.
19.
Ibid., 328–9.
20.
Ibid., 330–1.
21.
Ibid., 334.
22.
Ibid., 332–3.
23.
Ibid.
24.
Ibid.
25.
Ibid.
26.
Ibid., 335.
27.
Ibid., 338.
28.
Ibid., 335.
29.
Karl Marx, “Marginal Notes on the Programme of The German Workers’ Party,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989), 24: 93.
30.
Ibid.
31.
Ibid., 94.
32.
Ibid., 95. This phrase has been notoriously abused by later Marxists even though Marx himself rarely used it throughout his corpus.
33.
Ibid., 94.
34.
Karl Marx, “Notes on Bakunin’s Statehood and Anarchy,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989), 24: 517.
35.
Ibid., 519.
36.
Ibid.
37.
Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. III (London: Penguin Classic, 1991), 507.
38.
Ibid.
39.
Ibid., 510.
40.
Ibid., 511.
41.
Ibid., 512.
42.
Ibid., 571.
43.
Ibid., 959.
44.
Marx, “Marginal Notes on the Programme of The German Workers’ Party,” 92.
45.
Karl Marx, Capital, Vol. II (London: Penguin Classics, 1992), 390, 434.
46.
Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value (Part 3) (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971), 157.
47.
Engels defined the Proudhonian notion of “redemption” as follows: “the abolition of rented dwellings is proclaimed a necessity, and couched in the form of a demand that every tenant be turned into the owner of his dwelling”. They proposed that this would be done by fully compensating the previous house owner and the occupants (i.e. the previous tenant) would continue to pay the equivalent amount of the previous rent annually to the society in return for the possession of the house. According to Mülberger (as quoted by Engels), this entailed that “society … transforms itself in this way into a totality of free and independent owners of dwelling”. Frederick Engels, “The Housing Question,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 23: 327.
48.
Ibid., 386.
49.
Part of the book, which includes much of the discussion presented here, was published separately in 1880 under the title Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
50.
Echoing Marx, Engels said in his preface to the 1888 English edition of Communist Manifesto that the political programme of the Manifesto “has in some details become antiquated”. This was because the experience of the Paris Commune has proven that “the working class cannot simply lay hold of the ready-made state machinery, and wield it for its own purpose”. Frederick Engels, “Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Manifesto of theCommunist Party,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 26: 518.
51.
Frederick Engels, “Anti-Dühring,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 25: 265–6.
52.
Ibid., 266.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid., 267.
55.
Ibid.
56.
Ibid.
57.
Ibid., 268.
58.
Ibid., 270.
59.
As quoted in Ibid., 274.
60.
Ibid., 275.
61.
Frederick Engels, “Introduction to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in France,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 27: 185.
62.
Ibid., 188.
63.
Ibid.
64.
Ibid., 188–9.
65.
Ibid., 189.
66.
Ibid., 190.
67.
Ibid.
68.
Ibid.
69.
Frederick Engels, “A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Programme of 1891,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 27: 229.
70.
Ibid., 230.
71.
The question as to whether William Morris should be considered as a “Marxist” is rather contentious (cf. E. P. Thompson, William Morris: From Romantic to Revolutionary (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976); G. D. H. Cole, Socialist Thought. Marxism and Anarchism, 1850–1890 (London: Macmillan, 1954), 419; Florence Boos and William Boos, “The Utopian Communism of William Morris,” History of Political Thought 7, no. 3 (1986)). Given the broad scope of Marxism adapted in this chapter that includes libertarian interpretations, we can safely categorize Morris under this banner.
72.
William Morris and H. M. Hyndman, A Summary of Principles of Socialism (London: The Modern Press, 1884), 58; reproduced in David Reisman, ed., Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Economic and Political Thought 1825–1952 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1996), 3.
73.
William Morris and E. Belfort Bax, The Manifesto of The Socialist League (London: Socialist League Office, 1885), 5; reproduced in Reisman, Democratic Socialism in Britain.
74.
Ibid., 7.
75.
William Morris and E. Belfort Bax, “The Manifesto of The Socialist League—Second Edition,” William Morris Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1885/manifst2.htm.
76.
Ibid.
77.
William Morris, “Socialism from the Root Up,” in Political Writings: Contributions to Justice and Commonwealth 1883–1890, ed. Nicholas Salmon (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994), 612.
78.
William Morris, “Looking Backward,” in Political Writings of William Morris, ed. A. L. Morton (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1984), 250.
79.
Ibid., 253.
80.
Ibid.
81.
Paul Lafargue, “Socialism and Nationalisation,” Socialist Standard (February 1912): 43.
82.
Ibid.
83.
Paul Lafargue, “Our Goal,” Paul Lafargue Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1899/04/our-goal.htm.
84.
Ibid.
85.
Fredrich Engels, “Engels to Eduard Bernstein,” in MECW (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988), 46: 147.
According to a letter from Engels to Eduard Bernstein (25 October 1881), the theme to the programme was dictated to Guesde in the presence of Engels and Paul Lafargue.
86.
Jules Guesde and Karl Marx, “The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier,” Jules Guesde Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm. This is the full translation of the programme and, in important ways, it is different from the translation of the Preamble that is provided in MECW, Vol. 24, 340.
87.
Ibid.
88.
Ibid.
89.
Ibid.
90.
Jules Guesde, “The Social Problem and Its Solution,” Jules Guesde Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/guesde/1905/jan/x01.htm
91.
Ibid.
92.
Daniel De Leon, “Reform or Revolution,” in Daniel De Leon: Speeches and Editorials (New York: New York Labor News, 1940), 7–8.
93.
Daniel De Leon, The Burning Question of Trade Unionism (New York City: National Executive Committee Socialist Labour Party, 1904), 27.
94.
Daniel De Leon, Socialist Reconstruction of Society: The Industrial Vote (New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1925), 31.
95.
Ibid., 36. De Leon ran unsuccessfully for public office several times in the 1890s and the 1900s.
96.
Daniel De Leon, “Industrialism,” in Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial (New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920), 35.
97.
Ibid.
98.
Daniel De Leon, “‘Syndicalism’”, Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial (New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920), 46–7.
99.
Daniel De Leon, “Industrial Unionism,” Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial (New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920), 64.
100.
Ibid.
101.
Karl Kautsky, “Die Abschaffung des Staates,” Der Sozialdemokrat, no. 51 (1881); translation by Noa Rodman available at https://libcom.org/library/abolition-state-karl-kautsky.
102.
Ibid.
103.
Karl Kautsky, “The Free Society,” Karl Kautsky Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1881/state/3-freesoc.htm.
104.
Ibid.
105.
Karl Kautsky, Class Struggle (Erfurt Program), trans. William E. Bohn (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1910).
106.
Ibid., 149.
107.
Ibid., 150.
108.
Karl Kautsky, The Social Revolution, trans. A. M. and May Wood Simon (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1916), 113.
109.
Ibid., 127.
110.
James Connolly, “State Monopoly versus Socialism,” The Workers’ Republic 2, no. 3 (10 June 1899): 5.
111.
Ibid.
112.
James Connolly, “Parliamentary Democracy,” The Workers’ Republic 4, no. 5 (22 September 1900): 6.
113.
James Connolly, “A Political Party of the Workers,” The Harp 1, no. 1 (1908): 9–10.
114.
James Connolly, Socialism Made Easy (Glasgow: Socialist Labour Press, 1917), 15.
115.
Ibid.
116.
Ibid.
117.
Ibid.
118.
Ibid.
119.
James Connolly, “Political Action,” The Harp 1, no. 7 (July 1908): 7.
120.
Ibid., 6.
121.
Vladimir Lenin, “Draft and Explanation of a Programme for the Social-Democratic Party,” in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962), 2: 97.
122.
Vladimir Lenin, “What Is to Be Done?”, in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1961), 5: 375. Later in the same document, he elaborated on this idea with regard to class political consciousness, saying it “can be brought to the workers only from without, that is, only from outside the economic struggle, from outside the sphere of relations between workers and employers”; ibid., 422.
123.
Ibid., 384.
124.
Ibid., 390.
125.
Ibid., 425.
126.
Ibid., 457.
127.
Ibid., 460.
128.
Ibid.
129.
Vladimir Lenin, “Two Tactics,” in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962), 8: 149.
130.
Ibid., 155.
131.
Vladimir Lenin, “A New Revolutionary Workers’ Association,” in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962), 8: 499.
132.
Ibid., 502.
133.
Vladimir Lenin, “Our Tasks and the Soviet of Workers’ Deputies,” in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962), 10: 19.
134.
Ibid., 21.
135.
Vladimir Lenin, “Lessons of the Commune,” in Lenin Collected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962), 13, 476.
136.
Ibid.
137.
Rosa Luxemburg, “Social Reform or Revolution,” in Rosa Luxemburg Reader, ed. P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), 141.
138.
Ibid.
139.
Ibid., 142.
140.
Ibid., 143.
141.
Rosa Luxemburg, “Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy,” in Rosa Luxemburg Reader, ed. P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), 249–50.
142.
Ibid., 253.
143.
Rosa Luxemburg, “Mass Action,” Rosa Luxemburg Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1911/08/29.htm.
144.
Ibid.
145.
Rosa Luxemburg, “The Mass Strike, Political Party and Trade Union,” in Rosa Luxemburg Reader, ed. P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004), 170.
146.
Ibid., 186.
147.
Ibid.
148.
Anton Pannekoek, “Hope in the Future,” Anton Pannekoek Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1912/hope-in-future.htm.
149.
Such a process-oriented approach to revolution continued to play a central role in his thinking after his turn to council communism after 1917.
150.
Ibid., 127.
151.
Anton Pannekoek, “Socialism and Anarchism,” The New Review 1, no. 5 (1913): 147.

Bibliography

Azzellini, Dario and Michael Kraft, eds. The Class Strikes Back: Self-Organised Workers’ Struggles in the Twenty-First Century. Leiden: Brill, 2018.
Google Scholar
Bartolini, Stefano. The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860–1980: The Class Cleavage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Book Google Scholar
Berry, David and Constance Bantman, eds. New Perspectives on Anarchism, Labour and Syndicalism: The Individual, the National and the Transnational. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2010.
Google Scholar
Boos, Florence and William Boos. “The Utopian Communism of William Morris.” History of Political Thought 7, no. 3 (1986): 489–510.
Google Scholar
Cole, G. D. H. Socialist Thought: Marxism and Anarchism, 1850–1890. London: Macmillan, 1954.
Google Scholar
Connolly, James. “State Monopoly versus Socialism.” The Workers’ Republic 2, no. 3 (10 June, 1899): 5–7.
Google Scholar
Connolly, James. “Parliamentary Democracy.” The Workers’ Republic 4, no. 5 (22 September, 1900): 5–6.
Google Scholar
Connolly, James. “A Political Party of the Workers.” The Harp 1, no. 1 (January, 1908a): 9–10.
Google Scholar
Connolly, James. “Political Action.” The Harp 1, no. 7 (July, 1908b): 6–7.
Google Scholar
Connolly, James. Socialism Made Easy. Glasgow: Socialist Labour Press, 1917.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. “Reform or Revolution.” In Daniel De Leon: Speeches and Editorials. New York: New York Labor News, 1940.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. The Burning Question of Trade Unionism. New York City: National Executive Committee Socialist Labour Party, 1904.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. “Industrial Unionism.” In Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial, 62–5. New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920a.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. “Industrialism.” In Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial, 34–6. New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920b.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. “‘Syndicalism’.” In Industrial Unionism: Selected Editorial, 43–7. New York: National Executive Committee Socialist Labor Party, 1920c.
Google Scholar
De Leon, Daniel. Socialist Reconstruction of Society: The Industrial Vote. New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1925.
Google Scholar
Dow, Gregory K. Governing the Firm: Workers’ Control in Theory and Practice. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Book Google Scholar
Eley, Geoff. Forging Democracy the History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. “Anti-Dühring.” In MECW. Vol. 25, 5–312. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988a.
Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. “A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Programme of 1891.” In MECW. Vol. 27, 217–32. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988b.
Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. “The Housing Question.” In MECW. Vol. 23, 317–91. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988c.
Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. “Introduction to Karl Marx’s The Civil War in France.” In MECW. Vol. 27, 179–91. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988d.
Google Scholar
Engels, Frederick. “Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Manifesto of the Communist Party.” In MECW. Vol. 26, 512–18. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988e.
Google Scholar
Engels, Fredrich. “Engels to Eduard Bernstein.” In MECW. Vol. 46, 144–50. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988.
Google Scholar
Geary, Dick, ed. Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe before 1914. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
Google Scholar
Guesde, Jules. “The Social Problem and Its Solution.” Jules Guesde Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/guesde/1905/jan/x01.htm.
Guesde, Jules, and Karl Marx. “The Programme of the Parti Ouvrier.” Jules Guesde Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm.
Katznelson, Ira and Aristide R. Zolberg, eds. Working-Class Formation: Nineteenth-Century Patterns in Western Europe and the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Google Scholar
Kautsky, Karl. “Die Abschaffung des Staates.” Der Sozialdemokrat, no. 51 (1881). Translation by Noa Rodman; available at https://libcom.org/library/abolition-state-karl-kautsky.
Kautsky, Karl. “The Free Society.” Karl Kautsky Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1881/state/3-freesoc.htm.
Kautsky, Karl. Class Struggle (Erfurt Program). Translated by William E. Bohn. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1910.
Google Scholar
Kautsky, Karl. The Social Revolution. Translated by A. M. and May Wood Simon. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr and Company, 1916.
Google Scholar
Lafargue, Paul. “Our Goal.” Paul Lafargue Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/lafargue/1899/04/our-goal.htm.
Lafargue, Paul. “Socialism and Nationalisation.” Socialist Standard (February, 1912): 43.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “What is to be Done?” In Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 5, 347–530. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1961.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “Draft and Explanation of a Programme for the Social-Democratic Party.” In Lenin Collected Works. Vol. 2, 93–121. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962a.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “Lessons of the Commune.” In Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 13, 475–8. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962b.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “A New Revolutionary Workers’ Association.” In Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 8, 499–510. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962c.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “Our Tasks and the Soviet of Workers’ Deputies.” In Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 10, 17–28. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962d.
Google Scholar
Lenin, Vladimir. “Two Tactics.” In Lenin Collected Works, Vol. 8, 148–57. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1962e.
Google Scholar
Luxemburg, Rosa. “Mass Action.” Rosa Luxemburg Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1911/08/29.htm.
Luxemburg, Rosa. “The Mass Strike, Political Party and Trade Union.” In Rosa Luxemburg Reader, edited by P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson, 168–99. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004a.
Google Scholar
Luxemburg, Rosa. “Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy.” In Rosa Luxemburg Reader, edited by P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson, 248–65. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004b.
Google Scholar
Luxemburg, Rosa. “Social Reform or Revolution.” In Rosa Luxemburg Reader, edited by P. Hudis and K. B. Anderson, 128–67. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2004c.
Google Scholar
Marshall, Peter H. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins, 1992.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. Theories of Surplus Value (Part 3). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1971.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. “The Civil War in France.” In MECW. Vol. 22, 307–59. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1986.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. “Marginal Notes on the Programme of The German Workers’ Party.” In MECW. Vol. 24, 81–99. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989a.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. “Notes on Bakunin’s Statehood and Anarchy.” In MECW. Vol. 24, 485–526. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989b.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. Capital. Vol. III. London: Penguin Classic, 1991.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. Capital. Vol. II. London: Penguin Classics, 1992.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. “Circular Letter to August Bebel, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Wilhelm Brucke and Others.” In MECW. Vol. 24, 253–69. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1989.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels, “General Rules of the International Working Men’s Association.” In Workers Unite: The International 150 Years Later, edited by M. Musto, 265–8. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014a.
Google Scholar
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. “On the Political Action of the Working Class and Other Matters.” In Workers Unite: The International 150 Years Later, edited by M. Musto, 283–6. New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2014b.
Google Scholar
Mattick, Paul. Anti-Bolshevik Communism. Monmouth: Merlin Press Ltd., 2007.
Google Scholar
Morris, William. “The Manifesto of The Socialist League—Second Edition.” William Morris Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1885/manifst2.htm.
Morris, William. “Looking Backward.” In Political Writings of William Morris, edited by A. L. Morton, 247–53. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1984.
Google Scholar
Morris, William. “Socialism from the Root Up.” In Political Writings: Contributions to Justice and Commonweal 1883–1890, edited by Nicholas Salmon, 495–622. Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
Google Scholar
Morris, William and E. Belfort Bax. The Manifesto of The Socialist League. London: Socialist League Office, 1885.
Google Scholar
Morris, William and H. M. Hyndman. A Summary of Principles of Socialism. London: The Modern Press, 1884.
Google Scholar
Mulder, Catherine. Transcending Capitalism through Cooperative Practices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Google Scholar
Musto, Marcello. “Introduction.” In Workers Unite! The International 150 Years Later, edited by Marcello Musto, 1–68. New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Chapter Google Scholar
Ness, Immanuel and Dario Azzellini, eds. Ours to Master and to Own: Workers’ Control from the Commune to the Present. Chicago: Haymarket, 2011.
Google Scholar
Pannekoek, Anton. “Hope in the Future.” Anton Pannekoek Internet Archive. www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1912/hope-in-future.htm.
Pannekoek, Anton. “Socialism and Anarchism.” The New Review 1, no. 4 (1913a): 122–7.
Google Scholar
Pannekoek, Anton. “Socialism and Anarchism.” The New Review 1, no. 5 (1913b): 147–52.
Google Scholar
Prost, Antoine. “Workers.” In The Cambridge History of the First World War, edited by Jay Winter, 325–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Chapter Google Scholar
Reisman, David, ed. Democratic Socialism in Britain: Classic Texts in Economic and Political Thought 1825–1952. Vol. 3. London: Pickering & Chatto, 1996.
Google Scholar
Rubel, Maximilien and John Crump, eds. Non-Market Socialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1984.
Google Scholar
Sassoon, Donald. One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century. London: Tauris, 2014.
Google Scholar
Shaw, Bernard, ed. Fabian Essays. London: Allen & Unwin, 1948.
Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. William Morris: From Romantic to Revolutionary. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976.
Google Scholar
van der Linden, Marcel and Wayne Thorpe, eds. Revolutionary Syndicalism: An International Perspective. Aldershot: Scolar, 1990.
Google Scholar

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

London School of Economics, London, UK
Babak Amini

Authors

Babak Amini
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Asian Development Research Institute, Patna, Bihar, India
Shaibal Gupta
Department of Sociology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Marcello Musto
London School of Economics, London, UK
Babak Amini

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Amini, B. (2019). On the Notion of “Workers’ Control” in Marx and Marxists (1871–1917): A Survey. In: Gupta, S., Musto, M., Amini, B. (eds) Karl Marx’s Life, Ideas, and Influences. Marx, Engels, and Marxisms. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24815-4_7

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24815-4_7
Published: 29 September 2019
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24814-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-24815-4
eBook Packages: Religion and PhilosophyPhilosophy and Religion (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics