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Hunting to Herding to Trading to Warfare: A Chronology of Animal Exploitation in the Negev

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Book cover Animals and Human Society in Asia

Part of the book series: The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series ((PMAES))

Abstract

Patterns of animal exploitation in the ancient Negev reflect a sequence of cumulative functions of animals as they were adopted into desert societies. As different animals were adopted, the potentials for exploitation evolved with an ever-increasing impact on desert social organization, economy, and external relations. Notably, no animals were domesticated in the desert, and thus even the adoption of animals reflects the dynamics of interaction with the settled zone. The sequence of primary animal exploitation/adoption is cumulative, beginning with gazelle/ibex (15th-8th millennia BCE) and continuing to goat/sheep (ca. 7th millennium BCE), donkey (ca. 4th millennium BCE), and camel (late second/first millennium BCE). These adoptions, of course, reflect economic changes from hunting-gathering to subsistence herding to trade and ultimately to raiding and warfare. The new adoptions/economic systems did not merely supplant the old, but rather supplemented them, with major implications for all aspects of desert societies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Evenari et al. (1982, 32), Geological Society of America, and University of Texas (2004).

  2. 2.

    Danin (1983) and Zohary (1953, 1956).

  3. 3.

    Garrard (1998) and Garrard et al. (1985).

  4. 4.

    Enzel et al. (2008).

  5. 5.

    E.g., Cordova (2007) and Rosen (2017, 71–89).

  6. 6.

    E.g., Goodfriend (1988, 1990).

  7. 7.

    E.g., Goldberg and Bar-Yosef (1982), Issar and Govrin (1991), and Weninger et al. (2009) for the Near East and eastern Mediterranean.

  8. 8.

    E.g., A. Rosen (2007).

  9. 9.

    E.g., Davis (1982), Martin and Edwards (2013), Baird et al. (1992), Garrard et al. (1994), Cope (1991), and Dayan and Simberloff (1995).

  10. 10.

    E.g., Servello (1976), Tchernov and Bar-Yosef (1982), and Dayan et al. (1986).

  11. 11.

    E.g., Dayan (1994).

  12. 12.

    Goring-Morris (1987, 257–371).

  13. 13.

    Goring-Morris (1987, 434–442).

  14. 14.

    E.g., Shott (1997).

  15. 15.

    E.g., Bar-Yosef (1984), Bar-Yosef and Bar-Yosef Mayer (2002), Betts et al. (1998, 2013), Goring-Morris (1993), and Rosen (2017, 90–109).

  16. 16.

    E.g., Bar-Yosef and Belfer-Cohen (1989) and Asouti (2006).

  17. 17.

    E.g. Kuijt and Goring-Morris (2002), Finlayson et al. (2011), Gebel (2004), and Rosen (2017, 90–109).

  18. 18.

    Hesse (1982) and Zeder and Hesse (2000).

  19. 19.

    Cf. Rosen et al. (2005).

  20. 20.

    Cf. Arbuckle (2014) and Makarewicz (2013).

  21. 21.

    Effenberger (2012).

  22. 22.

    E.g., Ingold (1980).

  23. 23.

    Martin (1999) and Martin and Edwards (2013).

  24. 24.

    Betts (2008).

  25. 25.

    Rosen et al. (2005).

  26. 26.

    Rollefson and Kohler-Rollefson (1989), Kohler-Rollefson (1992), and Rollefson et al. (2014).

  27. 27.

    Rosen (2017, 110–130).

  28. 28.

    E.g., A. Rosen (2007, 97–99).

  29. 29.

    Rosen (2017, 114–118).

  30. 30.

    Rosen (2017, 161–162).

  31. 31.

    Bar-Matthews and Ayalon (2004, 2011) and Bar-Matthews et al. (1998, 1999); for other evidence, e.g., A. Rosen (2007, 97–99), Bookman et al. (2006), and Frumkin et al. (1991, 1998).

  32. 32.

    Hesse and Zeder (2002).

  33. 33.

    Evershed et al. (2008).

  34. 34.

    E.g., Gopher and Gophna (1993), Amiran (1969, 33–34), and Gilead and Goren (1995).

  35. 35.

    Kaplan (1954).

  36. 36.

    Russell (1988).

  37. 37.

    Rosen (2011).

  38. 38.

    Rosen (2017, 131–166).

  39. 39.

    E.g., Bar-Oz et al. (2011a, b), Helms and Betts (1987), and Meshel (1974).

  40. 40.

    Rosen (2011) and Gopher (1994, 264–266).

  41. 41.

    Rossel et al. (2008).

  42. 42.

    Ovadia (1992).

  43. 43.

    Wayne and Violet (2012).

  44. 44.

    Lernau (1978).

  45. 45.

    Ilan and Sebbane (1989).

  46. 46.

    E.g., Golden (2010).

  47. 47.

    E.g., Merkel and Rothenberg (1999).

  48. 48.

    E.g., Cohen (1999, 83–298), Hauptmann et al. (2015), and Segal and Roman (1999).

  49. 49.

    E.g., Porat (1989, 2003) and Amiran et al. (1973).

  50. 50.

    Martin and Edwards (2013) and Betts (2008).

  51. 51.

    E.g., Porter (2012) and Algaze (2008).

  52. 52.

    Sumner (1986), Lees and Bates (1974), and Porter (2012).

  53. 53.

    E.g., Shamir and Rosen (2015).

  54. 54.

    E.g., Levi and Gilead (2012).

  55. 55.

    Porter (2012, 302).

  56. 56.

    Lernau (1978).

  57. 57.

    E.g., Sapir-Hen and Ben-Yosef (2013) and Rosen and Saidel (2010).

  58. 58.

    Wapnish (1981).

  59. 59.

    E.g., Sapir-Hen and Ben-Yosef (2013) and Rosen and Saidel (2010).

  60. 60.

    Zarins (1978).

  61. 61.

    Eph’al (1984).

  62. 62.

    Bulliet (1990).

  63. 63.

    Eph’al (1984).

  64. 64.

    E.g., Sapir-Hen and Ben-Yosef (2013) and Finkelstein (1988).

  65. 65.

    E.g., Gauthier-Pilters and Dagg (1981).

  66. 66.

    Ngendello and Heemskerk (2004).

  67. 67.

    Johnson (1969).

  68. 68.

    Cole (1975).

  69. 69.

    Weippert (1974).

  70. 70.

    Rosen (1993).

  71. 71.

    E.g., Haiman (1986, cover photo).

  72. 72.

    Eisenberg-Degen (2012).

  73. 73.

    Eisenberg-Degen (2012).

  74. 74.

    E.g., Eisenberg-Degen and Rosen (2013).

  75. 75.

    Eisenberg-Degen and Nash (2014).

  76. 76.

    Eisenberg-Degen and Rosen (2013).

  77. 77.

    Avner (2014).

  78. 78.

    Eisenberg-Degen and Rosen (2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bible, Archaeology, and Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel

    Steven A. Rosen

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  1. Steven A. Rosen
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Correspondence to Steven A. Rosen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Asian Studies, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Rotem Kowner

  2. Zinman Institute of Archaeology, The University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

    Guy Bar-Oz

  3. Institute of Asian and African Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Michal Biran

  4. Department of East Asian Studies, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Meir Shahar

  5. Department of Asian Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

    Gideon Shelach-Lavi

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Rosen, S.A. (2019). Hunting to Herding to Trading to Warfare: A Chronology of Animal Exploitation in the Negev. In: Kowner, R., Bar-Oz, G., Biran, M., Shahar, M., Shelach-Lavi, G. (eds) Animals and Human Society in Asia. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24363-0_3

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