Abstract
With the Anthropocene, the global risks induced by a deep degradation of the planet and a disturbance of the great biochemical cycles cannot be compensated or indemnified any more. Climate Change requires rethinking the notion of risk and hazard through the resilience of territories and their way of adapting to the environment. The management of climate control and air quality are closely linked and question the daily governance of cities that must integrate air, climate and energy into innovative and appropriate policies by all residents.
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Notes
- 1.
Qualifier proposed in 2002 by Paul Crutzen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Its final adoption by geologists is still controversial.
- 2.
AXA, a major French insurance company.
- 3.
- 4.
It then experienced a further acceleration following the tsunami in South Asia in 2004. In 1990, a United Nations-specific body (IDNDR, which became UNISDR208 in 2000) is responsible for coordinating a work plan aimed at strengthening disaster risk.
- 5.
Our Common Future in the Face of Climate Change—Final Declaration of the CFCC Scientific Committee 15, chaired by Chris Field and organized by UNESCO, Future Earth and ICSU.
- 6.
Ifop survey for Cap 21 Solutions conducted in September 2015 with a sample of 1000 people representative of the French population aged 18 and over.
- 7.
- 8.
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/bgdocs/SEI,%202014.pdf.
- 9.
Directive 96/62/EC, as amended in 2008, distinguishes alert thresholds: “level beyond which short-term exposure poses a risk to human health and from which Member States take appropriate and immediate action” and limit values: “a level established on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing the harmful effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole, to be achieved within a given period and not to exceed once reached.”
- 10.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/fr/. With the order of 1.2 millions annual deaths in China related to outdoor air, about 500,000 annual deaths in Europe, 240,000 in the USA and 48,000 in France.
- 11.
“The Working Group found that there is sufficient evidence in humans and in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution in general and of PM in outdoor air pollution more specifically. These findings are supported by strong mechanistic evidence in exposed humans, including studies showing increased frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in individuals occupationally or residentially exposed to polluted air, as well as by studies showing genetic and related effects in animals and various experimental systems. At wide range of other effects related to carcinogenesis, including oxidative stress, inflammation and epigenetic alterations, have been observed in exposed humans and animals and in various experimental systems.” (IARC monograph 109, p. 34).
- 12.
Eurobarometer 468, November 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/yearFrom/1974/yearTo/2017/surveyKy/2156.
- 13.
Their reduction begins to interest international bodies, http://ccacoalition.org/en/news/declaration-short-lived-climate-pollutants-ratified-members-parliamentary-confederation.
- 14.
UCCRN is a network of cities dedicated to providing good the Information That city leaders—from government, the private sector, non-Governmental organizations and the community—need in order to for Assessment current and future Risks, make choices That improve resilience to Climate Change and climate extremes, and take actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- 15.
The procedures for drawing up and updating these new plans (compulsory for inter-municipal cooperation institutions (EPCI) with own taxation of more than 20 000 inhabitants) are specified in Law No. 2015-993 of 17 August 2015 on the energy transition for green growth, the decree n° 2016-849 of June 28, 2016. They will have to be realized at the latest on December 31, 2018.
- 16.
- 17.
In September 2017.
- 18.
The vignette The Crit’Air sticker is a macaron visibly placed on cars, motorbikes and light vehicles, indicating their level of pollutant emission according to their date of registration and to their type of carburant.
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Roussel, I. (2020). Extreme Weather Events and Air Pollution Peaks in the Light of Climate Change: The Limits of the Notion of Risk. In: Akhtar, R. (eds) Extreme Weather Events and Human Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8_5
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