Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) is a tetraploid wheat species (2n = 28) planted annually on an estimated area of 18 million ha, representing approximately 8–10% of all the wheat cultivated area in the world, and an annual production ranging from 35–40 million mt. Regions of the Mediterranean Basin and North America (i.e. Canada) produce about 60% of world durum wheat production, mainly used for human consumption as pasta, bulgur, couscous and some breads. In general durum wheat is better adapted to high temperatures and to semiarid climates than bread wheat. In spite of its relatively high adaptability to the marginal and drought environments, the production of durum wheat is threatened by the impacts of climate change, and the need for more sustainable development. This chapter provides an update on progress in genetic improvement of durum wheat and on the tools and strategies to maintain productivity and strengthen food security despite increasing water scarcity, higher temperatures, and the emergence of new pests and diseases. These demand changes in the approaches to crop improvement and require implementing novel approaches in gene discovery and plant breeding. Conventional and modern breeding strategies are discussed to integrate new target traits into varieties. Modelling provides a rational approach to identify desirable traits or combination of traits potentially leading to the specification of wheat ideotypes optimized for target environmental and future climatic conditions. The integration of genomics and phenomics is promising to revolutionize plant breeding providing an exceptional opportunity to identify genetic variation that can be employed in durum wheat breeding programs.
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Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the Italian Ministry of Economic Development (MISE) for funding the project HORIZON 2020 PON I&C 2014–2020, INNOGRANO N. F/050393/00/X32.
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Appendices
Appendices
13.1.1 Appendix I: Research Institutes Relevant to Durum Wheat
Institute | Specialization and research activities | Contact information and website |
|---|---|---|
CREA Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops | Genetics and breeding of durum wheat | Pasquale de Vita SS 673 km 25 + 200–71,122 Foggia, Italy pasquale.devita@crea.gov.it |
Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e degli Alimenti, University of Bologna, Italy | Genetics and genomics in durum wheat | Roberto Tuberosa Viale Fanin 44, Bologna, Italy roberto.tuberosa@unibo.it |
Plant Sciences, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Canada | Genetics and genomics in durum wheat | Curtis Pozniak Curtis.pozniak@usas.ca Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan 2E64 – Agriculture Building 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada |
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico | Head of durum wheat and triticale breeding at CIMMYT | Karim Ammar Km. 45, Carretera, México-Veracruz, El Batán, Texcoco CP 56237, Edo. de México, Mexico k.ammar@CGIAR.ORG |
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Morocco | Genetics and breeding of durum wheat | Filippo Bassi F.Bassi@cgiar.org Dalia Building 2nd Floor, Bashir El Kassar Street, Verdun, Beirut, Lebanon 1108-2010 |
Swift Current Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada | Genetic, genomic and breeding of durum wheat | Ron Knox 1 Airport Road, PO Box 1030, Swift Current, Saskatchewan S9H 3X2 ron.knox@agr.gc.ca |
University of New England, Australia | Cereal chemistry of durum wheat and wheat breeding for quality | Mike Sissons Tamworth Agricultural Institute, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW 2340, Australia. mike.sissons@dpi.nsw.gov.au |
INTA, Argentina | Durum wheat breeding | Adelina Larsen INTA Barrow Ruta Nac. N° 3, Km 487 – (7500) – Tres Arroyos, Bs. As, Argentina larsen.adelina@inta.gob.ar |
IRTA Spain | Genetics and breeding of durum wheat | Conxita Royo IRTA, Avda Rovira Roure, 191. 25198, Lleida, Spain conxita.royo@irta.cat |
University of Hohenheim State Plant Breeding | Head of Wheat Group | Friedrich Longin Institute (720), Fruwirthstraße 21- 70599 Stuttgart, Germany |
French National Institute for Agricultural Research Amélioration Génétique et Adaptation des Plantes méditerranéennes et Tropicales (AGAP) | Genetic and breeding of durum wheat | Pierre Roumet UMR AGAP, Campus Supagro 2 Place Viala. 34,060 Montpellier Cedex 2, Pierre.Roumet@supagro.inra.fr |
13.1.2 Appendix II: Durum Wheat Genetic Resources
Cultivar | Important traits | Cultivation location |
|---|---|---|
Antalis | Yield potential | Italy |
Iride | Yield potential | Italy |
Claudio | Yield potential | Italy/France |
Svevo | Yield potential and grain quality | Italy |
Miradoux | Yield potential and grain quality, diseases resistance | France/Germany |
Anvergur | Yield potential and grain quality, diseases resistance | France |
Tempodur | Yield potential, diseases resistance | Germany and Austria |
AC Avonlea | Grain quality | Canada |
AC Navigator | Grain quality | Canada |
Strongfield | Grain quality | Canada |
Commander | Grain quality | Canada |
Kamilaroi | Yield stability and grain quality | Australia |
Yallaroi | Yield stability and grain quality | Australia |
Wollaroi | Yield stability and grain quality | Australia |
Sredetza | Resistance to lodging and tolerance to low temperature | Bulgaria |
Castelporzianoa | Resistance to lodging and high yield | Italy |
Grandura | Short straw, resistance to lodging, high yield, | Austria |
Attilaa | Resistance to lodging, high yellow pigment and good quality | Austria |
Cargiduroxa | Semi-dwarfness and resistance to lodging | France |
Antoñínb | Resistance to imazamox herbicide | Spain |
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De Vita, P., Taranto, F. (2019). Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) Breeding to Meet the Challenge of Climate Change. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23108-8_13
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