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Working at the Baths

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Swimming Communities in Victorian England

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Abstract

The introduction of new swimming facilities in the nineteenth century led to an increase in employment opportunities in roles ranging from superintendents and matrons to attendants and swimming teachers. This chapter utilizes different biographical methods to explore some of these positions and to uncover, in particular, the class origins and involvement of female employees. The discussion of baths attendants is informed by a database that allows a degree of quantitative analysis, while individual life courses of supervisory staff give some insight into their working practices and the importance of patriarchy in career development. Similarly, the role of the swimming teacher is illuminated by using different biographical methods before the chapter concludes by describing how the Amateur Swimming Association sought to control swimming teachers through certification.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Victoria Kelley, Soap and Water: Cleanliness, Dirt and the Working Classes in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (I B Tauris and Co Ltd, London, 2010).

  2. 2.

    Health of Towns Association, Unhealthiness of Towns, Its Causes and Remedies Being a Lecture Delivered on the 10th of December 1845, In the Mechanics’ Institute At Plymouth by Viscount Ebrington, M.P. (London: Charles Knight and Co., 1846) 33, 43; Harry Wm. Lobb, L.S.A., M.R.C.S.E., Hygiene or the Handbook of Health (London: Simpkin, Marshall and Co., 1855).

  3. 3.

    John Potvin, “Vapour and Steam. The Victorian Turkish Bath, Homosocial Health, and Male Bodies on Display,” Journal of Design History 18, no. 4 (2005): 320.

  4. 4.

    Bill for promoting Voluntary Establishment in Boroughs, Cities and Towns in Ireland, of Public Baths and Washhouses 1846 (523). House of Commons Parliamentary Papers Online.

  5. 5.

    Lionel J. Beale, Surgeon, On Personal and Domestic Hygiene showing The Value of Sanitary Laws Addressed Especially to the Working Classes (London: John Churchill, 1855), 10–11.

  6. 6.

    Tom Crook, “Schools for the Moral Training of the People’: Public Baths, Liberalism and the Promotion of Cleanliness in Victorian Britain,” European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire 13, no. 1 (2006): 21–47.

  7. 7.

    Claire Parker, “Improving the ‘Condition’ of the People: The Health of Britain and the Provision of Public Baths 1840–1870,” The Sports Historian 20, no. 2 (2000): 26, 39.

  8. 8.

    Bucks Herald, July 16, 1887, p. 8.

  9. 9.

    Polly Bird, “The Origins of Victorian Public Baths, with Special Reference to Dulwich Baths,” Local Historian 25 (1995): 150.

  10. 10.

    County Borough of Salford, Report of the General Baths Committee, May 5, 1880, 209. Thanks to Keith Myerscough for providing details of the Salford Baths.

  11. 11.

    Hampshire and Portsmouth Telegraph, December 24, 1873, p. 4.

  12. 12.

    David Mitch, “Literacy and Occupational Mobility in Rural versus Urban Victorian England: Evidence from the Linked Marriage Register and Census Records for Birmingham and Norfolk, 1851 and 1881,” Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 38, no. 1 (2005): 26–38.

  13. 13.

    Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 273.

  14. 14.

    Edward Higgs, “Women, Occupations and Work in the Nineteenth-century Censuses,” History Workshop Journal 23, no. 1 (1987): 59–80.

  15. 15.

    Bridget Hill, “Women, Work and the Census: A Problem for Historians of Women,” History Workshop Journal 35, no. 1 (1993): 82; Higgs: “Women, Occupations and Work,” History Workshop Journal, 68.

  16. 16.

    Morning Post, “Melancholy Death in the National Bath, Westminster Road,” June 18, 1845, p. 6.

  17. 17.

    Arthur Ashpitel. Observations on Baths and Wash-Houses, With an Account of their History: An Abstract of The Acts of Parliament Relating Thereto, Etc. LSE Selected Pamphlets, 1852, http://www.jstor.org/stable/60239734 (accessed September 1, 2009), 17.

  18. 18.

    Betty Longbottom. Victorian Attitudes towards Cleanliness and Dirt: Baths and Wash-houses in Bradford and Leeds, 1860–1914. MA thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University, September 2005.

  19. 19.

    Annals of the Liverpool Corporate Baths Department, 1952, 29, cited in Claire Parker, “The Rise of Competitive Swimming, 1840 to 1878,” The Sports Historian 21, no. 2 (2001): 62.

  20. 20.

    Leeds Times, March 30, 1895, p. 1.

  21. 21.

    Longbottom. Victorian Attitudes towards Cleanliness and Dirt.

  22. 22.

    Blackburn Standard, January 6, 1900, p. 9.

  23. 23.

    Longbottom. Victorian Attitudes towards Cleanliness and Dirt.

  24. 24.

    Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, “Gratuity to the Baths Attendant,” December 9, 1875, p. 3.

  25. 25.

    Bell’s Life, September 16, 1876, p. 5.

  26. 26.

    Censuses. Thomas Frost 1881 (115/123/25), 1891 (76/47/82), 1901 (88/47/15); James Saul 1871 (658/22/35), 1881 (119/85/18), 1891 (83/76/22).

  27. 27.

    Scotsman, “Where are the teachers of swimming?” September 7, 1887, p. 9.

  28. 28.

    Morning Chronicle, April 28, 1858, p. 8.

  29. 29.

    Morning Post, September 7, 1875, p. 6.

  30. 30.

    Bell’s Life, “Letter to the Editor. Swimming and Swimming Baths,” September 25, 1859, p. 6.

  31. 31.

    Derby Mercury, “Derby Town Council,” April 6, 1859, p. 6; July 1, 1868, p. 4; April 27, 1870, p. 4.

  32. 32.

    Bell’s Life, November 25, 1865, p. 2.

  33. 33.

    Manchester Courier, August 24, 1881, p. 7.

  34. 34.

    Southern Committee ASA , February 11, 1884, 21.

  35. 35.

    Manchester Guardian, “The Swimming Season,” April 27, 1903, p. 7; June 1, 1903, p. 7.

  36. 36.

    Ceil Colwin, Swimming Into the 21st Century (Human Kinetics, 1992).

  37. 37.

    Liverpool Mercury, “Persons wanted,” April 20, 1899, p. 1.

  38. 38.

    Swimming Notes, May 10, 1884, p. 13; p. 8.

  39. 39.

    Bird, “The Origins of Victorian Public Baths,” Local Historian, 149–150.

  40. 40.

    The Times, December 10, 1850, p. 9; Daily Mail, March 4, 1898, p. 1.

  41. 41.

    Manchester Guardian, June 1, 1903, p. 7.

  42. 42.

    Western Mail, September 22, 1900, p. 5.

  43. 43.

    Era, “Swimming,” October 2, 1842, p. 4; Annals of the Liverpool Corporate Baths Department, 1952, 29, cited in Claire Parker, “The Rise of Competitive Swimming, 1840 to 1878,” The Sports Historian 21, no. 2 (2001): 62.

  44. 44.

    Stalybridge Baths Committee Minutes, April 1870–November 1879, Minutes for June 23, 1870; Simon Graham Allen, The Provision of Public Baths and Wash Houses in Cardiff and their Effect on Victorian Public Health and Hygiene, 1846–1901. MA thesis, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, September 1998, 66.

  45. 45.

    Leeds Times, March 30, 1895, p. 1; Manchester Guardian, March 22, 1900, p. 4.

  46. 46.

    Longbottom. Victorian Attitudes towards Cleanliness and Dirt.

  47. 47.

    Keith Myerscough—Personal communication; County Borough of Salford, Report of the General Baths Committee, 5 May 1880, 209.

  48. 48.

    Manchester Guardian, September 19, 1906, p. 2; June 3, 1907, p. 2.

  49. 49.

    Bird, “The Origins of Victorian Public Baths,” Local Historian, 149–150; Hearth and Home, September 7, 1893, p. 564; October 12, 1893, p. 740.

  50. 50.

    Croydon Advertiser and East Surrey Reporter, October 3, 1891, p. 8.

  51. 51.

    Census Returns 1861–1891. John Howarth 1861 (4440/252/18), 1871 (3874/119/37). John, Agnes, Frances and Edith A. Howarth 1881 (3750/55/40), 1891 (3036/133/37).

  52. 52.

    1911 Census. Florence Tilton. RG14PN15288 RG78PN925 RD325 SD2 ED8 SN153.

  53. 53.

    Censuses. Thomas Frost 1881 (115/123/25), 1891 (76/47/82), 1901 (88/47/15); James Saul 1871 (658/22/35), 1881 (119/85/18), 1891 (83/76/22); Richard T. Giles 1881 (358/98/24), 1891 (164/136/28), 1901 (1681/37/20); John Grant 1881 (390/40/34), 1891 (245/111/23), 1901 (271/6/4).

  54. 54.

    Morning Post, “St. Marylebone Baths and Washhouses,” October 5, 1848, p. 6.

  55. 55.

    Morning Advertiser, “Opening of the Marylebone Baths and Washhouses,” December 12, 1849, p. 3; Illustrated London News, “St Marylebone Baths and Washhouses,” January 12, 1850, p. 32.

  56. 56.

    1851 Census. HO 107/1489. 181 Marylebone Road, Baths and Washhouses, Marylebone, London; Marylebone Mercury, April 17, 1858, p. 1; May 8, 1858, p. 4; July 3, 1858, p. 2.

  57. 57.

    London Evening Standard, “Female Swimming. Marylebone Baths and Washhouses,” July 15, 1858, p. 6; Morning Post, “Mrs Beckwith at Marylebone,” July 31, 1858, p. 1.

  58. 58.

    Sporting Life, “Swimming,” April 15, 1865, p. 4.

  59. 59.

    Census 1861. RG 9/79. 181 Marylebone Road, Baths and Washhouses, Marylebone, London.

  60. 60.

    Morning Advertiser, “Marylebone Vestry,” October 9, 1863, p. 3.

  61. 61.

    Marylebone Mercury, April 7, 1866, p. 2; Manchester Courier, “The Architecture of the Year,” December 31, 1867, p. 6.

  62. 62.

    Globe, “Marylebone. This Day,” November 19, 1851, p. 3.

  63. 63.

    Evening Standard, “The Suicide in St. Marylebone and Extraordinary Affair at the St. Marylebone Baths and Washhouses,” August 4, 1853, p. 4.

  64. 64.

    Marylebone Mercury, “Saturday. Short Weight,” April 29, 1865, p. 3.

  65. 65.

    Electoral Registers. 1873, 1882, 1883 Edwin Smith Foot 181 Marylebone Road; Morning Post, “The Registration Courts. Marylebone,” September 23, 1884, p. 2.

  66. 66.

    Bell’s Life, “Leander Club,” September 18, 1869, p. 7; Aquarius, “Swimmers and Swimming Clubs,” Sporting Life, April 28, 1881, p. 1.

  67. 67.

    Marylebone Mercury, “John Wilson. Swimming Baths. Letter to the Editor,” November 18, 1871, p. 2.

  68. 68.

    Census 1871. RG 10/169. 181 Marylebone Road, Public Baths, Marylebone, London; Census 1881. RG 11/150. 181 Marylebone Road, Public Baths, Marylebone, London.

  69. 69.

    Census 1891 RG 12/97 RG12/101 RG12/100.

  70. 70.

    Edinburgh Evening News, “Today’s London Letter. Ladies Water Polo,” October 17, 1896, p. 2; Sporting Life, “Opening of the Marylebone Baths,” March 10, 1897, p. 6; London Evening Standard, March 8, 1897, p. 4; Lloyd’s Weekly, March 7, 1897, p. 11.

  71. 71.

    Sporting Life, “The Clarence Club,” September 30, 1898, p. 4.

  72. 72.

    Northern Whig, “Deaths,” July 7, 1897, p. 1; 1901 Census RG 13/111 181 Marylebone Road, Public Baths, St Marylebone, London; Freemasonry Membership Registers, Library and Museum of Freemasonry, London, England, Reel Number: 17.

  73. 73.

    Charles M. Daniels, Hjalmar Johannson, and Archibald Sinclair, How to Swim and Save Life (Spalding’s Athletic Library Series, 1907), 31; Cobbett, Swimming, 4.

  74. 74.

    ‘Sergeant’ Leahy, The Art of Swimming in the Eton Style (London: Macmillan, 1875), 50, 78, 82, 83, 88.

  75. 75.

    Leahy, The Art of Swimming in the Eton Style, 21.

  76. 76.

    Swimming, Rowing and Athletic Record (10 May 1873) 1/1, 2; Censuses. Harry Parker 1871 (393/11/16), 1881 (356/124/48), 1891 (190/54/30), 1901 (2149/75/38). GRO (1849/birth/December/St.Lukes/2/303).

  77. 77.

    Censuses. Richard T. Giles 1881 (358/98/24), 1891 (164/136/28), 1901 (1681/37/20); John Grant 1881 (390/40/34), 1891 (245/111/23), 1901 (271/6/4).

  78. 78.

    Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “Report on Public Baths Co,” March 9, 1895, p. 2.

  79. 79.

    Penny Illustrated, July 2, 1892, p. 14.

  80. 80.

    Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, September 24, 1889, p. 416.

  81. 81.

    Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, “Hampstead Public Baths,” April 15, 1890, p. 174.

  82. 82.

    Penny Illustrated, “Opening of Baths,” April 25, 1891, p. 266; “Pearce and Ada Lewin” June 1, 1895, p. 344.

  83. 83.

    Era, “Music Hall Artistes Wanted,” October 21, 1893, p. 22.

  84. 84.

    Penny Illustrated, “To Teach the Blind to Swim,” July 1, 1893, p. 3.

  85. 85.

    Census Returns. Henry Pearce 1881 (82/57/8), 1891 (112/78/67). Henry and Minnie Pearce 1901 (97/137/6). 1911 (RG14PN261RG78PN8RD3SD2ED35SN117).

  86. 86.

    Belfast Telegraph, “Notable Swimmers. How Mr Churchill Took to the Water. Lord Hugh Cecil’s Stroke,” August 30, 1909, p. 4; Falkirk Herald, “He Had the Knack Early,” June 22, 1927, p. 12.

  87. 87.

    Bill for promoting Voluntary Establishment in Boroughs, Cities and Towns in Ireland, of Public Baths and Washhouses. 1846 (523) House of commons Parliamentary Papers online.

  88. 88.

    Daily News, “The case was dismissed,” October 11, 1854, p. 7.

  89. 89.

    Western Mail, September 22, 1900, p. 5.

  90. 90.

    Hastings and St Leonards Observer, “A Timid Swimmer. Letter to the Editor,” August 24, 1878, p. 7.

  91. 91.

    Dorset County Chronicle, “Amusing Employment for Women,” March 8, 1860, p. 13.

  92. 92.

    Leeds Times, “How to Learn to Swim by Harriet Martineau in Once a Week,” October 15, 1859, p. 6; T. Herbert Braker, “Tracts of the Ladies’ National Association for the Diffusion of Sanitary Knowledge-London,” The Medico-Chirurgical Review, and Journal of Medical Science (1859): 115; The English Woman’s Journal, “Letters to the Editor,” March 1, 1860, V (25), p. 68; Clerkenwell News, “Swimming Bath Accommodation in London,” August 5, 1871, p. 5.

  93. 93.

    Otago Witness, “Swimming for Girls,” December 30, 1876, p. 19; Standard, July 22, 1878. P. 5; Freemason, July 13, 1878, p. 13; Jersey Independent and Daily Telegraph, “Swimming for Girls,” July 6, 1878, p. 2; Bell’s Life, “Female Natation,” September 27, 1879, p. 5.

  94. 94.

    The Times, June 30, 1877, p. 4; Bell’s Life, July 27, 1878, p. 12.

  95. 95.

    Sunday Times, August 4, 1878, p. 6.

  96. 96.

    Women’s Penny Paper, “Excelsior Swimming Club,” October 5, 1889, p. 8.

  97. 97.

    Royal Leamington Spa Courier, April 21, 1866, p. 5.

  98. 98.

    Kent and Sussex Courier, April 18, 1879, p. 5; Swimming Notes, May 10, 1884, p. 13; p. 8; Portsmouth Evening News, “Portsmouth Swimming Club,” May 7, 1885, p. 2; “Portsmouth Swimming Club,” May 8, 1889, p. 3; “Life Saving at Southsea,” September 16, 1893, p. 2.

  99. 99.

    John Bromhead, “George Cadbury’s Contribution to Sport,” The Sports Historian 20 no. 1 (2000): 97–117; Coventry Herald and Free Press, August 24, 1894, p. 6; Shields Daily Gazette and Shipping Telegraph, July 22, 1889, p. 3; Leeds Times, October 29, 1881, p. 3.

  100. 100.

    Census Returns, William Tuohy 1841 Scottish Census 493/7/24/18. 1851 (1589/425/3); 1861 (648/65/30); 1871 (1131/45/10); 1881 (1150/52/24); 1891 (2689/62/7); 1901 (986/77/6); GRO (1902/death/Portsmouth/2b/348); Annie and Ada Tuohy 1901 (3184/46/29).

  101. 101.

    Bell’s Life, August 4, 1877, p. 10; “Professor Parker’s Entertainment,” 2 April 1, 1885, p. 4; Barnet Press, July 16, 1887, p. 4.

  102. 102.

    Bell’s Life, “Swimming. The Serpentine Swimming Club,” December 29, 1883, p. 8; Sporting Gazette, July 3, 1869, p. 477.

  103. 103.

    Bell’s Life, July 20, 1872, p. 11; “Regent Club,” August 3, 1872, p. 10; “Chelsea and South Kensington Swimming Baths,” October 11, 1879, p. 5.

  104. 104.

    Barnet Press, May 13, 1882, p. 8; June 17, 1882, p. 2; September 23, 1882, p. 2; Kentish Mercury, June 15, 1883, p. 4.

  105. 105.

    Sporting Life, October 3, 1885, p. 4; Sportsman, October 3, 1885, p. 3.

  106. 106.

    Sporting Life, September 16, 1891, p. 7; Hearth and Home, “The World of Sportswomen,” September 7, 1893, p. 546; October 12, 1893, p. 732; “The World of Sportswomen,” April 19, 1894, p. 792; “The World of Sportswomen,” August 2, 1894, p. 423.

  107. 107.

    Hearth and Home, “The World of Sportswomen,” October 12, 1893, p. 740; October 18, 1894, p. 813; “The World of Sportswomen,” August 1, 1895, p. 423; June 13, 1895, p. 164; July 18, 1895, p. 354; December 12, 1895, p. 200; December 19, 1895, p. 231; “The World of Sportswomen,” January 23, 1896, p. 406; “Women on Wheels,” March 19, 1896, p. 707.

  108. 108.

    Sporting Life, September 29, 1897, p. 6; October 2, 1900, p. 4; October 2, 1901, p. 7.

  109. 109.

    Record of Service of Solicitors and Articled Clerks with His Majesty’s Forces, 1914–1919 (London: Spottiswoode, Ballantyne and Co. Ltd., 1920).

  110. 110.

    1861 Census RG9/77 Schedule 292; Era, July 3, 1864, p. 13; Marylebone Mercury, October 5, 1867, p. 2.

  111. 111.

    Bells Life, “Novel Swimming in the Serpentine,” July 17, 1869, p. 3; Marylebone Mercury, July 17, 1869, p. 3.

  112. 112.

    1871 Census RG 10/165 Schedule 134; Bell’s Life, October 16, 1875, p. 9; October 14, 1876, p. 9; August 27, 1881, p. 10; August 2, 1884, p. 3; Sporting Life, “Swimming. The Serpentine Club. The Humphrey Memorial Trophies,” July 23, 1903, p. 4.

  113. 113.

    1881 Census RG11/31; 1891 Census RG12/22; 1901 Census RG13/23; 1911 Census returns; BMD. Registration in Kensington. Volume 1a, pages 130 and 136. Electoral registers.

  114. 114.

    Croydon Advertiser and East Surrey Reporter, July 5, 1879, p. 4; July 19, 1879, p. 5; August 1, 1885, p. 1; October 3, 1891, p. 8; August 6, 1898, p. 5; Dorking and Leatherhead Advertiser, July 27, 1907, p. 7; Surrey Mirror, September 30, 1893, p. 8; September 3, 1907, p. 1.

  115. 115.

    Sunday Times, October 16, 1881, p. 3; Morning Post, June 29, 1894, p. 1.

  116. 116.

    Morning Post, “Swimming,” June 12, 1886, p. 1; Pall Mall Gazette, June 1, 1889, p. 7.

  117. 117.

    1861 Census RG 9/693 Schedule 138; 1873 May 12 Marriage. Paris Church, St Marks, Notting Hill, Middlesex; 1874 Court for Divorce and Matrimonial Causes. James Allford v Fanny Elizabeth Allford and Levi Jackson; 1881 Census RG 11/337 Schedule 153; Penny Illustrated, October 5, 1889, p. 6.

  118. 118.

    Bell’s Life, April 16, 1885, p. 4; Bristol Mercury and Daily Post, July 22, 1885, p. 1; Western Daily Press, July 22, 1885, p. 1; Bell’s Life, May 4, 1886, p. 4; Penny Illustrated, “The Webb Memorial Benefit,” September 8, 1883, p. 7; April 14, 1888, p. 234; Ipswich Journal, August 3, 1888, p. 4, p. 5; August 10, 1888, p. 5; Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, May 7, 1889, p. 179; Bristol Mercury, September 9, 1891, p. 4; Morning Post, October 3, 1892, p. 5.

  119. 119.

    Western Daily Press, August 29, 1888, p. 5; Bristol Mercury, August 29, 1888, p. 5; August 30, 1888, p. 8.

  120. 120.

    Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, November 1, 1888, p. 3; Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, September 11, 1888, p. 390.

  121. 121.

    1891 Census RG 12/141 Schedule 450; Essex Standard, August 2, 1890, p. 5.

  122. 122.

    Bristol Mercury, September 11, 1890, p. 3; Morning Post, July 27, 1892, p. 3.

  123. 123.

    North Devon Journal, August 13, 1891, p. 2; Western Daily Press, September 10, 1891, p. 7.

  124. 124.

    Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, July 3, 1892, p. 8; Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, August 2, 1892, p. 5.

  125. 125.

    Standard, October 3, 1892, p. 6.

  126. 126.

    Woman’s Herald, September 28, 1893, p. 502; Penny Illustrated, September 29, 1894, p. 198.

  127. 127.

    1901 Census RG 13/1253 Schedule 253.1911 Census Schedule 146. The household included niece May Brion, 18, assistant swimming instructress at County Council public baths; Probate London 25 July.

  128. 128.

    William Wilson, The Swimming Instructor: A Treatise on the Arts of Swimming and Diving (London, 1883), 24–27.

  129. 129.

    Archibald Sinclair and William Henry, Swimming (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1893), 27–31.

  130. 130.

    Manchester Guardian, June 3, 1895, p. 7.

  131. 131.

    ASA Committee Minutes, November 16, 1895; March 16, 1901; May 18, 1901; August 24, 1901; May 31, 1902. ASA Archives, Loughborough.

  132. 132.

    Daniels, Johannson and Sinclair, How to Swim and Save Life, 110.

  133. 133.

    Archibald Sinclair, Swimming and Life Saving (London: Health and Strength, 1906), 6.

  134. 134.

    Sinclair and Henry, Swimming, 353.

  135. 135.

    ASA Committee Report for 1899 submitted to the ASA on March 24, 1900; Sinclair, A. (1906). Swimming and Life Saving, London: Health and Strength, p. 8.

  136. 136.

    ASA Committee Minutes, April 29, 1899; September 2, 1899; ASA Committee Report (1899). ASA Archives, Loughborough.

  137. 137.

    ASA Committee Minutes, May 12, 1900. ASA Archives, Loughborough.

  138. 138.

    ASA Committee Report for 1899, submitted to the ASA on March 24, 1900; Sinclair, Swimming and Life Saving, 8.

  139. 139.

    ASA Committee Minutes, May 12, 1900; ASA Committee Reports for 1902 and 1909. ASA Archives, Loughborough.

  140. 140.

    Manchester Guardian, May 2, 1904, p. 3.

  141. 141.

    The Times, March 4, 1912, p. 15; ASA Committee Minutes, 1912, 150, report of the Selection Committee, Stockholm Olympic Games 1912.

  142. 142.

    ASA Handbook 1913, 193–95.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. History, Politics and Philosophy, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

    Dave Day

  2. Independent Researcher, Crewe, UK

    Margaret Roberts

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  1. Dave Day
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  2. Margaret Roberts
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Correspondence to Dave Day .

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Day, D., Roberts, M. (2019). Working at the Baths. In: Swimming Communities in Victorian England. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20940-7_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20940-7_5

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