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Changing Years for the Mills Expedition

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Astronomy at the Turn of the Twentieth Century in Chile and the United States

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Abstract

This chapter studies how the mission changed as years went by, especially after they had to look for new sources of funding. It also gives a new perspective on what the Great War meant for science, and how Chilean society was changing, mainly through its urban history—that also affected the observatory, since the place they chose was transformed into a public park. This chapter also describes plans for finishing the mission and the departure of the Lick’s team. The Americans decided to sell the Observatory to Chile’s Catholic University, and then again cultural differences challenged the negotiations. The astronomers left the country with great sorrow, after living and working in that far away country.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O Mills, January 21, 1905, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  2. 2.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O Mills, January 21, 1905, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  3. 3.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O Mills, January 21, 1905, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  4. 4.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O Mills, April 4, 1905, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  5. 5.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O Mills, April 4, 1905, Carnegie Institution Year Book, no. 3, p. 25 UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  6. 6.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence—W.W. Campbell to D.O. Mills, December 23, 1909 UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  7. 7.

    William W. Campbell, A Brief Account of the Lick Observatory of the University of California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1931), 21.

  8. 8.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence 1910–1923—W.W. Campbell to O. Mills, January 18, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  9. 9.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence 1910–1923—O. Mills to W.W. Cambpell, January 27, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  10. 10.

    “Within the last twenty years there has been developed the method of measuring the motions of the stars by means of a spectrograph attached to a powerful telescope. This has proved to be one of the most fruitful fields ever developed in astronomy.” D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  11. 11.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  12. 12.

    “Your father’s name is intimately associated with these studies, in the literature of astronomy. To illustrate, Director Vogel of the great observatory at Potsdam, Germany, easily the first observatory in Europe, published in the Astrophysical Journal for July, 1900, page 386: ‘Through the generosity of Mr. D. O. Mills, Professor Holden, at the time Director of the Lick Observatory , was able to have a spectrograph constructed for the Observatory (…) Professor Campbell has given an extended description of this instrument, which, mainly through his endeavors, has become the most noted instrument of its time (…), the ‘Mills spectrograph ’ has in the last few years achieved surprising results.’” D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  13. 13.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  14. 14.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  15. 15.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 3, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  16. 16.

    “I do not think it at all probable that any large endowment will be made by us (…) we probably should expect the work to be wound up at the end of this year, unless some very extraordinary result was promised from you and was in sight. The work already accomplished has been very satisfactory but I do not think my father had in view any permanent arrangement.” D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 7, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  17. 17.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, May 9, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  18. 18.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, December 20, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  19. 19.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, December 20, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  20. 20.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence Mills Foundation 1905–1915, December 19, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  21. 21.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Expenses Santiago, December 29, 1910. UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 3, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  22. 22.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, April 16, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  23. 23.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1906–1911—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, January 25, 1910, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 9 Folder 5, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  24. 24.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, January 9, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  25. 25.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, April 2, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  26. 26.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, January 9, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  27. 27.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, February 20, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  28. 28.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, January 9, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  29. 29.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, December 10, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  30. 30.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, February 20, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  31. 31.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, February 20, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  32. 32.

    “The mozo which we have had since the middle of March can not read or write a word. I therefore made out the voucher for his salary and signed it myself.” D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, July 12, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  33. 33.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, January 9, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  34. 34.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, February 20, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  35. 35.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, April 16, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  36. 36.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, July 12, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  37. 37.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, October 29, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  38. 38.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, November 18, 1913, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  39. 39.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—Huffer to W.W. Campbell, August 28, 1917, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  40. 40.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, August 3, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  41. 41.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to Tucker, August 3, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  42. 42.

    “We are wondering if it will be possible to carry thru the eclipse expedition or if, with the regular trans-atlantic steamer service stopped, you will be able to get back to the States for some time.” D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, August 3, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  43. 43.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to Tucker, August 3, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  44. 44.

    Beverly Hard, Notas sobre los directores de la expedición de D.O. Mills a Chile, w/d, code 08R-0101, Box 416, Archivo Histórico Universidad Católica de Chile.

  45. 45.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to Tucker, September 1, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  46. 46.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, Correspondence Mills Foundation 1905–1915, June 9, 1915, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 8 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  47. 47.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, August 27, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  48. 48.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, September 21, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  49. 49.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, September 21, 1914, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  50. 50.

    Hard, Notas sobre los directores.

  51. 51.

    Juan Medina Torres, El Cerro San Cristóbal. El gran balcón de Santiago (Santiago: Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales, 2003), 19.

  52. 52.

    Libro Oficial del Cuarto Centenario de la Fundación de Santiago (Santiago; Artuflo, 1941).

  53. 53.

    Revista En Viaje, 181, November 1948, 2.

  54. 54.

    “El San Cristóbal,” Pacífico Magazine, November 1914, 600.

  55. 55.

    Charles Darwin, Viaje de un naturalista alrededor del mundo (Buenos Aires : Ateneo, 1945), 310.

  56. 56.

    “El San Cristóbal,” 604.

  57. 57.

    Carlos Martner, “El Cerro San Cristóbal en el paisaje de la ciudad. Obras desde 1960 y 1975,” Revista ARQ 34 (December 1996): 5.

  58. 58.

    Benjamin Vicuña Mackenna, La transformación de Santiago: notas e indicaciones respetuosamente sometidas a la Ilustre Municipalidad, al Supremo Gobierno y al Congreso Nacional (Santiago: Librería del Mercurio, 1872).

  59. 59.

    Armando De Ramón, “Estudio de una Periferia Urbana. Santiago de Chile 1850–1900,” Historia 20 (1985): 209.

  60. 60.

    Bárbara Silva, Identidad y nación. Patria Vieja, Centenario y Bicentenario (Santiago: Lom, 2008), 73–106.

  61. 61.

    René Martínez, Santiago de Chile: los planos de su historia. Siglos XVI a XX: de aldea a metropolis (Santiago: Universidad Central, 2007), 92.

  62. 62.

    Beatriz Aguirre and Simon Castillo, De la “Gran Aldea” a la ciudad de masas: El espacio público en Santiago de Chile, 1910–1929 (Santiago: Universidad Central, 2004), 18.

  63. 63.

    “Ley num 3.295”, Diario Oficial, September 28, 1917.

  64. 64.

    “The lawyer, Mr. Walker told me that he thought we might possibly be able to buy the ground, should we ever care to (…) they couldn’t sell it without giving the right of way (…) All of the holdings of foreign corporations (…) held in the name of Mission Boards in the States, and therefore in Chile coming under the head of ‘Sociedad Anonyma,’ have to get a special act of Congress in order to hold their property and this act must be renewed every five years, or the property is confiscated.” D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, February 20, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  65. 65.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—J. Moore to W.W. Campbell, December 10, 1912, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  66. 66.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W. W. Campbell, November 18, 1913, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  67. 67.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, November 18, 1913, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  68. 68.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, August 27, 1917, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  69. 69.

    El Mercurio, March 16, 1915.

  70. 70.

    Medina, El Cerro San Cristóbal, 38ff.

  71. 71.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—R. Wilson to W.W. Campbell, August 27, 1917, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  72. 72.

    Bárbara Silva and Josefina Cabrera, Chile. Cien días en la historia del siglo XX (Santiago: Planeta, 2015), 67.

  73. 73.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1912–1919—G. Paddock to W.W. Campbell, December 29, 1919, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 10 Folder 8, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  74. 74.

    El Mercurio, December 19, 1919. Paddock attached this clipping in his letter from December 29 of that same year, addressed to Campbell.

  75. 75.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  76. 76.

    Santiago Press clipping, no further identification, D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  77. 77.

    Santiago press clipping, no further identification, D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929 F.—Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  78. 78.

    Medina, El Cerro San Cristóbal, 45

  79. 79.

    Santiago Press clipping, no further identification, D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  80. 80.

    Santiago Press clipping, no further identification, D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  81. 81.

    “Construction work on the new tram-line to the top of San Cristóbal, Santiago. One of the largest transformers in South America, part of the General Electric Company’s equipment recently installed in the San Cristóbal sub station, Santiago, 110,000 volt, 7,500 KVA” [Includes pictures from an American publication, apparently, from May 15, 1924], D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, July 16, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  82. 82.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929, R. Aitken to F. Neubauer, August 25, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  83. 83.

    Beverly Hard, “Notes on the directors of the D.O. Mills Expedition to Chile,” 1972. Expeditions, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 12 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz, 11.

  84. 84.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929, W.W. Campbell to G. Paddock, January 26, 1921, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  85. 85.

    “Through the years 1917 to date the support of the institution has come from fourteen generous friends of the Lick Observatory . In 1919 the name D.O. Mills Expedition was changed to Chile Station of the Lick Observatory ,” William W. Campbell, “Notes from Pacific Coast Observatories,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 40, no. 236 (1928): 251.

  86. 86.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—W.W. Campbell to G. Paddock, January 26, 1921, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 1, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  87. 87.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, March 4, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  88. 88.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  89. 89.

    “It isn’t that I am at all dissatisfied with the work, or especially discontented with Chile (…) What I say about wishing or not wishing to stay after July 1925 boils itself down to the fact that we must live on a street where there is a sewer (…) and it does not take much mathematics to see that my salary does not go as far as the salaries paid in 1910 (…) I can not live in the good section of the city.” D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  90. 90.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  91. 91.

    “The winter is here now, very cold, and more so, our Phoebe Anne has been very sick, and is still in bed; it was a case of measles, with the characteristics of the Chilean measles, a heavy long fever.” D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  92. 92.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, May 14, 1924, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 2, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  93. 93.

    Hard, “Notes on the Directors,” 12.

  94. 94.

    Hard, “Notes on the Directors,” 12.

  95. 95.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to W.W. Campbell, September 19, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  96. 96.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to W.W. Campbell, September 19, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  97. 97.

    This underlying suspicions toward the United States addressed economics and politics, notwithstanding the cultural influence of North America in Latin countries was indeed growing at accelerated pace. Stefan Rinke, Encuentros con el Yanqui. Norteamericanización y cambio sociocultural en Chile. 1898–1990 (Santiago: Dibam, 2013).

  98. 98.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to W.W. Campbell, September 19, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz. Underlined in original.

  99. 99.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to W.W. Campbell, September 19, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  100. 100.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, September 22, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  101. 101.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, September 22, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  102. 102.

    Ricardo Krebs, Historia de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 1888–1988 (Santiago: Ediciones UC, 1994), 219–224.

  103. 103.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, October 11, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  104. 104.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, October 11, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  105. 105.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to R. Aitken, October 11, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  106. 106.

    Phillip Keenan, Sonia Pinto and Hector Álvarez, The Chilean National Astronomical Observatory 1852–1965 (Santiago: Universidad de Chile, 1985), 145.

  107. 107.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—F. Neubauer to C. Casanueva, October 18, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  108. 108.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—W.W. Campbell to C. Casanueva confirming Neubauer’s letter, November 14, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  109. 109.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—C. Casanueva to F. Neubauer, November 9, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  110. 110.

    D.O. Mills Expedition, General Correspondence 1920–1929—C. Casanueva to F. Neubauer, November 9, 1927, UA 36. Ser 04. Box 11 Folder 4, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

  111. 111.

    “Reportaje Observatorio ‘Manuel Foster.’ Mirando a las estrellas,” Revista Noticias PUC, n.d., D.O. Mills Expedition—History, UA 36. Ser 4. Box 12 Folder 6, Lick Observatory Records, Special Collections, Mary Lea Shane Archives, University of California Santa Cruz.

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    “Reportaje Observatorio.”

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    Hard, “Notes on the Directors,” 13.

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    Bárbara K. Silva

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Silva, B.K. (2019). Changing Years for the Mills Expedition. In: Astronomy at the Turn of the Twentieth Century in Chile and the United States. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17712-6_5

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