Abstract
This chapter describes the current knowledge on the mating behavior of stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera). Arctoperlarian stoneflies use intersexual vibrational communication as a mechanism for encountering mates and pair forming, acting as a reproductive isolation mechanism. These vibrational signals can be produced by drumming, rubbing, tremulation, or a combination of these methods and are species specific; therefore, they can be used as a method to confirm/infer phylogenies or define species. Of particular interest is our understanding of their evolution from ancestral to derived models. Currently, the vibrational signals of approximately 200 species, mainly from North America, Europe, and, of less concern, Asia, have been described. For those species that do not use vibrational communication (principally Antarctoperlaria) or that occur in particular habitats where it is not effective, other mate-encountering mechanisms are discussed. In relation to non-vibrational mate-encountering mechanisms, some studies seem to show that certain substrates could act as encounter sites by aggregating sexes, both for Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria. Finally, other reproductive behaviors, such as mating (sperm transmission, female stimulation, etc.), formation of mating balls, or mate-guarding strategies (both contact and noncontact guarding mechanisms), are also addressed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott JC, Stewart KW (1993) Male search behavior of the stonefly, Pteronarcella badia (Hagen) (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae), in relation to drumming. J Insect Behav 6:467–481
Abbott JC, Stewart KW (1997) Drumming of three Mesocapnia species (Capniidae) and Soliperla thyra (Peltoperlidae) from California, USA. In: Landolt P, Satori M (eds) Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera biology ecology systematics. MTL, Fribourg, pp 88–92
Alexander KD, Stewart KW (1996a) Description and theoretical considerations of mate finding and other adult behaviors in a Colorado population of Claasenia sabulosa (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 89:290–296
Alexander KD, Stewart KW (1996b) The mate searching behavior of Perlinella drymo (Newman) (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in relation to drumming on a branched system. Mitt schweiz ent Ges 69:121–126
Alexander KD, Stewart KW (1997) Further considerations of mate searching behavior and communication in adult stoneflies (Plecoptera); first report of tremulation in Suwallia (Chloroperlidae). In: Landolt P, Satori M (eds) Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera biology ecology systematics. MTL, Fribourg, pp 107–112
Andersson KG (1986) Bäcksländornas kärleksliv en beteendeekologisk studie. Fauna Flora 81:207–214
Benedetto L (1970) Notes on the biology of Jewettoperla munoai Benedetto. Limnologica 7:383–389
Berthélemy C (1979a) Accouplement, période d’incubation et premiers stades larvaires de Brachyptera braueri et de Perlodes microcephalus (Plecoptera). Ann Limnol 15:317–335
Berthélemy C (1979b) Mating call and taxonomy in Pyrenean Isoperla. Gewäss Abwass 64:71–72
Boumans L, Johnsen A (2015) Stonefly duets: vibrational sexual mimicry can explain complex patterns. J Ethol 33:87–107
Boumans L, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2016) Introgression and species demarcation in western European Leuctra fusca and L. digitata (Plecoptera, Leuctridae). Aquat Insects 37:115–126
Bradbury JW, Vehrencamp SL (2011) Principles of animal communication, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA
Brinck P (1949) Studies on Swedish stoneflies. Opusc Entomol Suppl 11:1–250
Brinck P (1956) Reproductive system and mating in Plecoptera. Opusc Entomol 21:57–127
Burkantis RT, Peckarsky BL (1985) Observations on the emergence and habits of adults of Agnetina capitata and Acroneuria carolinensis. Am Midl Nat 114:200–204
Caires AM, Chandra S, Nelson CR (2016) Unique reproductive characteristics of Lake Tahoe’s Capnia lacustra (Plecoptera: Capniidae), a stonefly in decline. Freshwater Sci 35:1291–1299
Chapman RF (1998) The insects. Structure and function, 4th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Cocroft RB, Gogala M, Hill PS, Wessel A (eds) (2014) Studying vibrational communication. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
DeWalt RE, Kondratieff BC, Sandberg JB (2015) Order Plecoptera. In: Thorp J, Rogers DC (eds) Ecology and general biology: Thorp and Covich’s freshwater invertebrates. Academic Press, London, pp 933–949
Eberhard WG (1997) Sexual selection by cryptic female choice in insects and arachnids. In: Choe JC, Crespi BJ (eds) The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 32–57
Fausto AM, Belardinelli M, Fochetti R, Tierno de Figueroa JM, Mazzini M (2002) Comparative spermatology in Plecoptera (Insecta). II. An ultrastructural investigation on four species of Systellognatha. Arthropod Struct Dev 31:147–156
Fenoglio S, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2003) Observations on the adult feeding of some Neoperla and Anacroneuria species (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Afr Entomol 11:138–139
Frison HT (1929) Fall and winter stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois. Ill Nat Hist Surv Bull 18:345–409
Frison HT (1935) The stoneflies or Plecoptera of Illinois. Nat Hist Surv Bull 20:277–471
Gaunitz D (1935) Nephelopteryx nebulosa L. Ent Tidskr 56:41–50
Hagen HA (1877) Beiträge Zur Kenntniss Von Pteronarcys. Stet Entomol Z 38:477–489
Hanada S, Maruyama H (2001) Morphology of the hammer and drumming signals in two stonefly species, Gibosia hagiensis (Okamoto) and Kiotina pictetii (Klapálek) (Perlidae). In: Domínguez E (ed) Trends in research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 453–457
Hanada S, Isobe Y, Oishi T (1997) Emergence sites as mate-encounter locations in Microperla brevicauda Kawai (Plecoptera, Peltoperlidae). In: Landolt P, Satori M (eds) Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera biology ecology systematics. MTL, Fribourg, pp 99–106
Hanson JF (1960) A case of hybridization in Plecoptera. Bull Brookl Entomol Soc 55:25–34
Hill PSM (2008) Vibrational communication in animals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Hynes HBN (1974) Observations on the adult and eggs of Australian Plecoptera. Aust J Zool 29:37–52
Hynes HBN (1976) Biology of Plecoptera. Annu Rev Entomol 21:135–153
Jáimez-Cuéllar P, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2005) Local emergence distribution patterns in Dinocras cephalotes (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Biologia 60:539–543
Jewett SG (1963) A stonefly aquatic in the adult stage. Science 139:484–485
Khoo SG (1964) Studies on the biology of the stoneflies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Liverpool
López-Rodríguez MJ, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2012) Life in the dark: on the biology of the cavernicolous stonefly Protonemura gevi (Insecta, Plecoptera). Am Nat 180:684–691
Luzón-Ortega JM, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2003) Some aspects of behaviour of Nemoura fulviceps (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). In: Gaino E (ed) Research update on Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera. University of Perugia, Perugia, pp 47–53
Macnamara C (1926) The drumming of stoneflies (Plecoptera). Can Entomol 58:53–54
Madsen BL, Aagaard P (2016) Behaviour and dispersal in adult Taeniopteryx nebulosa (Linnaeus, 1758) and Perlodes microcephalus (Pictet, 1833) (Plecoptera) in Denmark. Aquat Insects 37:37–57
Maketon M, Stewart KW (1984a) Drumming behavior in four North American Perlodidae (Plecoptera) species. Ann Entomol Soc Am 77:621–626
Maketon M, Stewart KW (1984b) Further studies of the drumming behavior of North American Perlidae (Plecoptera). Ann Entomol Soc Am 77:770–778
Maketon M, Stewart KW (1988) Pattern and evolution of drumming behavior in the stonefly families Perlidae and Peltoperlidae. Aquat Insects 10:77–98
Matthews RW, Matthews JR (2010) Insect behavior. Springer, Dordrecht
Matthey R, Aubert J (1946) Les chromosomes des Plécoptères. Bull Biol Fr Belg 81:1–246
Moreira GRP, Peckarsky BL (1994) Multiple developmental pathways of Agnetina capitata (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in a temperate forest stream. J N Am Benthol Soc 13:19–29
Murányi D, Gamboa M, Orci JM (2014) Zwicknia gen. n., a new genus for the Capnia bifrons species group, with descriptions of three new species based on morphology, drumming signals and molecular genetics, and a synopsis of the West Palaearctic and Nearctic genera of Capniidae (Plecoptera). Zootaxa 3812:001–082
Newport G (1851) On the anatomy and affinities of Pteronarcys regalis, Newm.: with a postscript containing descriptions of some American Perlidae, together with notes on their habits. Trans Linn Soc 20:425–451
Parker GA (1970) Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 45:525–567
Parker GA (1978) Evolution of competitive mate searching. Annu Rev Entomol 23:173–196
Piersanti S, Rebora M, López-Rodríguez MJ, Tierno de Figueroa JM (2017) A comparison between the antennal sensilla of the cavernicolous stonefly Protonemura gevi and other epigean Protonemura species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in a biological context. Ann Soc Ent Fr 53:47–54
Rebora M, Tierno de Figueroa JM, Piersanti S (2016) Antennal sensilla of the stonefly Dinocras cephalotes (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 45:552–561
Rebora M, Piersanti S, Frati F, Salerno G (2017) Antennal responses to volatile organic compounds in a stonefly. J Insect Physiol 98:231–237
Rupprecht R (1965) Trommeln als verständigungsmittel bei steinfliegen (Plecoptera). Z Naturforschg B 20:1258–1260
Rupprecht R (1968) Das trommeln der Plecopteren. Z vergl Physiol 59:38–71
Rupprecht R (1969) Zur Artspezifität der Trommelsignale der Plecopteren (Insecta). Oikos 20:26–33
Rupprecht R (1972) Dialektbildung bei den Trommelsignalen von Diura (Plecoptera). Oikos 22:410–412
Rupprecht R (1975) Die kommunikation von Sialis (Megaloptera) durch vibrationssignale. J Insect Physiol 21:305–320
Rupprecht R (1976) Struktur und funktion der bauchblase und des hammers von plecopteren. Zool Jb Anat Bd 95:9–80
Rupprecht R (1981) A new system of communication within Plecoptera and a signal with a new significance. Biol Inl Wat 2:30–35
Rupprecht R (1983) Kommunicationssignale von Arten der Gattung Isoperla (Plecoptera) und deren Einung zur Abgrenzung von Arten. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges 1983:198
Rupprecht R (1990) Can adult stoneflies utilize what they eat? In: Campbell IC (ed) Mayflies and stoneflies: life histories and biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 119–123
Shimizu I, Barth FG (1996) The effect of temperature on the temporal structure of the vibratory courtship signals of a spider (Cupiennius salei Keys.). J Comp Physiol A 179:363–370
Smith BJ, Collier KJ (2000) Interactions of adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) with riparian zones II. Diet. Aquat Insects 22:285–296
Stewart KW (1994) Theoretical considerations of mate finding and other adult behaviors of Plecoptera. Aquat Insects 16:95–104
Stewart KW (1997) Vibrational communication in insects. Epitome in the language of stoneflies? Am Entomol 43:81–91
Stewart KW (2001) Vibrational communication (drumming) and mate-searching behavior of stoneflies (Plecoptera); evolutionary considerations. In: Domínguez E (ed) Trends in research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp 217–225
Stewart KW (2009) Plecoptera. In: Resh VH, Cardé RT (eds) Encyclopedia of insects, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Burlington, pp 810–813
Stewart KW, Maketon M (1990) Intraspecific variation and information content of drumming in three Plecoptera species. In: Campbell IC (ed) Mayflies and stoneflies biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 259–268
Stewart KW, Maketon M (1991) Structures used by Nearctic stoneflies (Plecoptera) for drumming, and their relationship to behavioral pattern diversity. Aquat Insects 13:33–53
Stewart KW, Sandberg JB (2006) Vibrational communication and mate searching behavior in stoneflies. In: Drosopoulos S, Claridge MF (eds) Insect sounds and communication. Physiology, behaviour, ecology and evolution. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, pp 179–186
Stewart KW, Stark BP (1977) Reproductive system and mating of Hydroperla crosbyi: a newly discovered method of sperm transfer in Insecta. Oikos 28:84–89
Stewart KW, Zeigler DD (1984a) Drumming behavior of twelve North American stonefly (Plecoptera) species: first description in Peltoperlidae, Taeniopterygidae and Chloroperlidae. Aquat Insects 6:49–61
Stewart KW, Zeigler DD (1984b) The use of larva morphology and drumming in Plecoptera systematics, and further studies of drumming behavior. Ann Limnol 20:105–114
Stewart KW, Atmar GL, Solon BM (1969) Reproductive morphology and mating behavior of Perlesta placida. Ann Entomol Soc Am 62:1433–1438
Szczytko SW, Stewart KW (1979) Drumming behavior of four Western Nearctic Isoperla (Plecoptera) species. Ann Entomol Soc Am 72:781–786
Thornhill R, Alcock J (1983) The evolution of insect mating systems. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Tierno de Figueroa JM (1998) Biología imaginal de los plecópteros (Insecta, Plecoptera) de Sierra Nevada (Granada, España). Ph.D. thesis, University of Granada
Tierno de Figueroa JM (2003) Mate guarding and displacement attempts in stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera). Biologia 58:925–928
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Fochetti R (2001) On the adult feeding of several European stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera). Entomol News 112:130–134
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM (2002) The drumming call of Isoperla bipartita Aubert, 1962 (Plecoptera, Perlodidae). Aquat Insects 24:87–90
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Sánchez-Ortega A (1999) The male drumming call of Isoperla nevada Aubert, 1952 (Plecoptera, Perlodidae). Aquat Insects 21:33–38
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, Sánchez-Ortega A (1998) Imaginal biology of Hemimelaena flaviventris (Pictet, 1841) (Plecoptera, Perlodidae). Ann Zool Fenn 35:225–230
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, Sánchez-Ortega A (2000a) Male calling, mating and oviposition in Isoperla curtata (Plecoptera, Perlodidae). Eur J Entomol 97:171–175
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Palomino Morales JA, Luzón-Ortega JM (2000b) Spatial distribution in river banks of Isoperla nevada (Plecoptera, Perlodidae), Chloroperla nevada (Plecoptera, Chloroperlidae) and Sericostoma cf. vittatum (Trichoptera, Sericostomatidae). Ital J Zool 67:355–358
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, Stewart KW (2002) The drumming of Isoperla pallida Aubert and Guadalgenus franzi (Aubert) (Plecoptera, Perlodidae), and review and evolutionary considerations of Southern Iberian Peninsula Perlodidae. Zool Sci 19:871–875
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, Sánchez-Ortega A (2003) Protandry and its relationship with adult size in some Spanish stoneflies species (Plecoptera). Ann Entomol Soc Am 96:560–562
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ (2006) Mating balls in stoneflies (Insecta, Plecoptera). Zoologica Baetica 17:93–96
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ (2009) Estudios sobre el comportamiento reproductivo y la alimentación adulta en plecópteros (Insecta). In: Dopazo H, Navarro A (eds) Evolución y adaptación 150 años después del Origen de las Especies. Sociedad Española de Biología Evolutiva (SESBE). Obrapropia S.L., Valencia, pp 133–141
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Gaetani B, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ, Fochetti R (2011a) On the identity of Isoperla curtata (Plecoptera: Perlodidae): behavioural and molecular approaches show the existence of two separate species. Zootaxa 3000:49–58
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ (2011b) Intraspecific and interspecific variation in drumming signals in the genus Capnioneura (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Aquat Insects 33:335–341
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ (2013) Description of the male drumming signals of Besdolus bicolor (Navás, 1909) (Plecoptera, Perlodidae). Ann Soc Ent Fr 49:242–243
Tierno de Figueroa JM, Luzón-Ortega JM, López-Rodríguez MJ (2014) First record of the drumming signals of stoneflies Capnopsis Morton, 1896 and Protonemura Kempny, 1898 genera (Plecoptera, Capniidae and Nemouridae). Entomol Sci 17:302–308
Wu CF (1923) Morphology, anatomy and ethology of Nemoura. Bull Lloyd Libr Ent Ser 3:1–46
Yoshimura M, Isobe Y, Oishi T (2003) The relation among emergence date, days until first effective mating, fecundity and adult longevity in Isoperla aizuana and Sweltsa sp. (Plecoptera). Zool Sci 20:471–479
Zeigler DD (1990) Observations pertinent to the role of sexual selection in the stonefly Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). Entomol News 101:283–287
Zeigler DD (1991) Passive choice and possible mate guarding in the stonefly Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae). Fla Entomol 74:335–340
Zeigler DD, Stewart KW (1977) Drumming behavior of eleven Nearctic stonefly (Plecoptera) species. Ann Entomol Soc Am 70:495–505
Zeigler DD, Stewart KW (1985a) Age effects on drumming behavior of Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera) males. Entomol News 96:157–160
Zeigler DD, Stewart KW (1985b) Drumming behavior of five stonefly (Plecoptera) species from Central and Western North America. Ann Entomol Soc Am 78:717–722
Zwick P (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich, Berlin
Zwick P (1980) Plecoptera (Steinfliegen). In: Beier M (ed) Handbuch der Zoologie 4(2), 2/7. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 1–115
Zwick P (1990) Emergence, maturation and upstream oviposition flights of Plecoptera from the Breitenbach, with notes on the adult phase as a possible control of stream insect populations. Hydrobiologia 194:207–223
Zwick P (2000) Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annu Rev Entomol 45:709–746
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Drs. Kleber Del Claro and Rhainer Guillermo, editors of this book, for inviting us to collaborate in this exciting project and Mr. J. Ramón Fernández Cardenete for the realization of the drawing in Fig. 6.5 and permission to use the photo in Fig. 6.6. The authors would like to dedicate this chapter to those classic researchers, and particularly to the deceased Drs. Stewart, Szczytko and Rupprecht, that spent decades of their lives studying, observing, and enjoying the adult biology of stoneflies, whose valuable contributions are spread in wonderful books and papers that younger generations should consult and appreciate in order to continue to increase our knowledge on this stimulating topic.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tierno de Figueroa, J.M., Luzón-Ortega, J.M., López-Rodríguez, M.J. (2019). Drumming for Love: Mating Behavior in Stoneflies. In: Del-Claro, K., Guillermo, R. (eds) Aquatic Insects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16327-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16327-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16326-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16327-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)