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A World History of Higher Education Exchange pp 171–200Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Late Twentieth Century (1979–1999)

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Abstract

Jimmy and Roselyn Carter were welcoming the incoming president to the White House just as the American hostages, held captive for 444 days, left Iranian airspace. At the Inaugural Luncheon, Ronald Reagan announced the good news to a joyful nation. The 1979 Iranian Revolution darkened Carter’s legacy, as it sent Middle Eastern enrollments into decline. The same year, Deng Xiaoping’s ascendency and the reopening of China’s borders unleashed a new wave of Chinese students, bound for the United States. By 1998, half a million foreign students were seated in America’s college classrooms, creating multicultural environments and contributing to the national economy. Countries such as Australia, France, and Great Britain were now working to attract more international students. Spurred by fresh academic opportunities worldwide, the period saw a rise in American study abroad. Census data for the period illustrates both trends. International student organizations and area studies programs are also reviewed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Open Doors (Institute of International Education, 1979).

  2. 2.

    Teresa B. Bevis, Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East Through the Twentieth Century (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016): 138–141.

  3. 3.

    Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy (W.W. Norton, 2008).

  4. 4.

    Ibid.

  5. 5.

    Institute of International Education, Open Doors, Annual Report (1980); also see Bevis, 141–142.

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    From the Spartanburg Herald, Columbia AP (January 1980): B1.

  8. 8.

    AMIDEAST’s 60th Anniversary 1951–2011. Available at: https://apply.amideast.org/flash/60th/60th.htm.

  9. 9.

    Ibid.

  10. 10.

    Bevis, 145.

  11. 11.

    University of Middle East Project. Available at: https://www.ume.org/about-ume/general.

  12. 12.

    Hooshang Amirahadi, ed., The United States and the Middle East: A Search for a New Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993).

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Tareq Y. Ismael, ed., Middle East Studies: International Perspectives on the State of the Art (New York: Praeger, 1990): 17.

  15. 15.

    Mary Brown Bullock, “Mission Accomplished: The Influence of the CSCPRC on Educational Relations with China,” in Bridging Minds across the Pacific, ed. Cheng Li (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005): 49–68.

  16. 16.

    Ibid.

  17. 17.

    Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, The Establishment of Sino-U.S. Diplomatic Relations and Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping’s Visit to the United States (2001). Available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18007.shtml. Accessed December 14, 2018.

  18. 18.

    Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2011).

  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    David Lampton, A Relationship Restored (National Academy Press, 1986): 70–72.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., 32.

  22. 22.

    Open Doors (Institute of International Education, 1999).

  23. 23.

    Geoffrey Maslan, “Big Growth in Foreign Students Predicted for Australia,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (December 15, 1995).

  24. 24.

    Paul Desruisseaux, “Intense Competition for Foreign Students Sparks Concerns about U.S. Standing,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 45, no. 7 (October 9, 1998): A55.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    From U.S. Leadership in International Education, “The Lost Edge,” Conference Report and Action Agenda (Washington, DC: United States Information Agency and Educational Testing Service, 1998).

  27. 27.

    Christine F. Meloni, Adjustment Problems of Foreign Students in U.S. Colleges and Universities (ERIC #ED276296).

  28. 28.

    Philip Altbach, David Kelly and Y. Lulat, Research on Foreign Students and International Study (New York: Praeger, 1985).

  29. 29.

    Philip Altbach and Jing Wang, Foreign Students and International Study 1984–1988 (University Press of America, 1989).

  30. 30.

    Paul Marion, “Research on Foreign Students at Colleges and Universities in the United States,” New Directions for Student Services, Vol. 36 (1986): 65–82.

  31. 31.

    Gary Althen, The Handbook of Foreign Student Advising (Washington, DC: NAFSA, 1984).

  32. 32.

    Ibid.

  33. 33.

    Marion, 65–82.

  34. 34.

    Ibid.

  35. 35.

    Institute of International Education, Open Doors, Report on International Education Exchange (New York: Author, 1996).

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Allan E. Goodman, “What Foreign Students Contribute,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 42, no. 23 (February 16, 1996).

  38. 38.

    World Trade Center Bombing 1993, Federer Bureau of Investigation. Available at: https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    The Immigration Law Portal, IIRIRA 96: A Summary of the New Immigration Bill. Available at: http://www.visalaw.com/iirira-96-a-summary-of-the-new-immigration-bill/. Accessed December 14, 2018.

  41. 41.

    Ibid.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Amy Magaro Rubin, “U.S. Tests a New System to Track Foreign Students,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (September 19, 1997): A49.

  44. 44.

    John A. Bogdanski, “The IRS Imposes a Ridiculous Burden on Foreign Students,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 2, 1997.

  45. 45.

    Ibid.

  46. 46.

    Ibid.

  47. 47.

    McMurtrie, A49.

  48. 48.

    Open Doors (Institute of International Education, 2000).

  49. 49.

    Beth McMurtrie, “American Colleges Experience a Surge in Enrollments from India,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 48, no. 12 (December 10, 1999).

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    Teresa Brawner Bevis

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Bevis, T.B. (2019). The Late Twentieth Century (1979–1999). In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_7

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