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The Early Twentieth Century

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A World History of Higher Education Exchange

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Abstract

Before 1903, American colleges offered no foreign student support services. Matters pertaining to academic or social acculturation were most-often handled informally by sympathetic faculty, churches, the Boards of Mission, the YMCA, or helpful townspeople. An influx of students from China, a product of Teddy Roosevelt’s creative use of Boxer Rebellion indemnities, was adding to the rising foreign student population, elevating the need for services. Among the first organizations to offer support was the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs of America. The Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students, founded in 1911, provided the first foreign student census, and a platform for articles related to education exchange. The Institute of International Education began its operations in 1919. The International House in New York City, which opened in 1928 through the generosity of John D. Rockefeller Jr., would be the first of many foreign student centers.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Teresa B. Bevis and Christopher J. Lucas, International Students in American Colleges and Universities: A History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 94.

  2. 2.

    Isaac Kandel, United States Activities in International Cultural Relations, American Council on Education Studies, series I, vol. IX, no. 23 (Washington, DC: American Council on Education, 1945): 54.

  3. 3.

    Marion Smith, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services website: https://www.uscis.gov/about-us/our-history. Accessed December 2018.

  4. 4.

    Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1990): 85–86.

  5. 5.

    Susan Evangelista, Carlos Bulosa and His Poetry: A Biography and Anthology (Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1985).

  6. 6.

    Stanley Karnow, 106–138.

  7. 7.

    Barbara M. Posadas, The Filipino Americans, The New American Series, ed. Ronald H. Bayor (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999).

  8. 8.

    Posadas, 3.

  9. 9.

    Anna Liza R. Ong, First Filipino Women Physicians, Society of Philippine Health History, 2004. Available at: www.doh.gov.hp/sphh/filipino/women.htm.

  10. 10.

    Wheeler, 20.

  11. 11.

    Kim Clarke, “The Barbour Scholars,” The Michigan Difference, University of Michigan Office of Development (Winter 2003). Available at: http://www.giving.umich.edu/leadersbest/winter2003/barbour.htm.

  12. 12.

    Wheeler, 180.

  13. 13.

    Stewart Fraser, Governmental Policy and International Education (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964): 92.

  14. 14.

    Louis B. Lochner, “Cosmopolitan Clubs in American University Life,” American Review of Reviews, Vol. 37 (1908): 1.

  15. 15.

    Elaine Engst and Blaine Friedlander, “Cornell Rewind: Above All Nations is Humanity,” November 20, 2014.

  16. 16.

    Wheeler, 269–271.

  17. 17.

    L. Glazier and L. Kenschaft, “Welcome to America,” International Educator, Vol. 11, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 7.

  18. 18.

    Glazier and Kenschaft, 8.

  19. 19.

    Ibid., 9.

  20. 20.

    Teresa B. Bevis and Christopher J. Lucas, International Students in American Colleges and Universities, 88.

  21. 21.

    W. Reginald Wheeler, The Foreign Student in America (New York: Association Press, 1925): 228–231.

  22. 22.

    Bevis, 89.

  23. 23.

    Wheeler, 11; also see L. Houllevigue, “Les etudiants etranger don nos universities,” Review de Paris (May 15, 1917).

  24. 24.

    Wheeler, 12.

  25. 25.

    Ibid.

  26. 26.

    John Fryer, “Admission of Chinese Students to American Colleges,” United States Bureau of Education, Bulletin No. 2, Whole No. 399 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909).

  27. 27.

    Ibid.

  28. 28.

    Ibid., 199–200.

  29. 29.

    The Yale-China Association. Available at: www.yalechina.org.

  30. 30.

    Fryer, 215.

  31. 31.

    From the University of California at Berkeley Website, “International House Berkeley Historical Background 2000.” Available at: http://ias.berkeley.edu/ihouse/I/History.html.

  32. 32.

    Committee on Friendly Relations Among Foreign Students, Unofficial Ambassadors (New York: Author, 1945): 1.

  33. 33.

    David Rockefeller, Memoirs (New York: Random House, 2002): 124–125.

  34. 34.

    Analee Allen, “International House Marks 70th Year,” Oakland Tribune, February 20, 2000. Available at: https://ihouse.berkeley.edu/about/news/Tribune_I-House_Marks_70th_Year.pdf.

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    J. Ariff, “Oral Interview with A.C. Blaisdell 1928–1961,” in Foreign Students and Berkeley International House (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).

  38. 38.

    “Father and Son,” Time Magazine (November 4, 1917).

  39. 39.

    Edward Charnwood Cieslak, The Foreign Student in American Colleges (Detroit: Wayne University Press): 11.

  40. 40.

    Frasier, 96.

  41. 41.

    Ibid., 97.

  42. 42.

    Bu Liping “International Activism and Comparative Education: Pioneering Efforts of the International Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University,” Comparative Education Review, Vol. 41, no. 4 (1997): 413–443.

  43. 43.

    Institute of International Education, Blueprint for Understanding (New York: Author, 1949).

  44. 44.

    Grace Dodge Hall, Chemistry Laboratory with Students, Gottesman Libraries at Teachers College, Columbia University (Ca. 1910).

  45. 45.

    Teresa B. Bevis, A History of Higher Education Exchange: China and America (New York: Routledge, 2014): 84–85.

  46. 46.

    Stacey Bieler, Patriots or Traitors? (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2003).

  47. 47.

    Bevis, A History of Higher Education Exchange, 83–85.

  48. 48.

    Isaac Kandel, United States Activities in International Cultural Relations, American Council on Education Studies, series I, vol. IX, no. 23: 2.

  49. 49.

    Bevis, A History of Higher Education Exchange, 85–89.

  50. 50.

    Ibid, 65.

  51. 51.

    Beiler, 57–89.

  52. 52.

    Bevis, A History of Higher Education Exchange, 91–94.

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    Ibid.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    Yi Zhuxian, “Hu Shi, Chinese and Western Culture,” The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 51, no. 4 (November 1992): 915–916.

  57. 57.

    Bevis, A History of Higher Education Exchange, 103–105.

  58. 58.

    Ibid.

  59. 59.

    Yung-chen Chiang, Chinese Studies in History, Vol. 36, no. 3 (Spring 2003): 38–62.

  60. 60.

    Ibid., 41.

  61. 61.

    Ibid.

  62. 62.

    Y.T. Wang, Chinese Intellectuals in the West, 1872–1949 (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1966).

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    Teresa Brawner Bevis

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Bevis, T.B. (2019). The Early Twentieth Century. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_5

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