Skip to main content

Evaluation of Group Convolution in Lightweight Deep Networks for Object Classification

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Video Analytics. Face and Facial Expression Recognition (FFER 2018, DLPR 2018)

Abstract

Deploying a neural network model on a low-power embedded platform is a challenging task. In this paper, we present our study on the efficacy of aggregated residual transformation (defined in ResNeXt that secured 2nd place in the ILSVRC 2016 classification task) for lightweight deep networks. The major contributions to this paper include (i) evaluation of group convolution, (ii) study on the impact of skip connection and various width for lightweight deep network. Our extensive experiments on different topologies show that employing aggregated convolution operation followed by point-wise convolution degrades the accuracy significantly. Furthermore as per our study, skip connections are not a suitable candidate for smaller networks and width is an important attribute to magnify the accuracy. Our embedded friendly networks are tested on ImageNet 2012 dataset where 3D convolution is a better alternative to aggregated convolution because of the 10% improvement in classification accuracy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Briot, A., AI, G., Creteil, V., Viswanath, P., Yogamani, S.: Analysis of efficient cnn design techniques for semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, pp. 663–672 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Iandola, F.N., Keutzer, K.: Keynote: small neural nets are beautiful: enabling embedded systems with small deep-neural-network architectures. CoRR abs/1710.02759 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Canziani, A., Paszke, A., Culurciello, E.: An analysis of deep neural network models for practical applications. CoRR abs/1605.07678 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Huang, J., et al.: Speed/accuracy trade-offs for modern convolutional object detectors. CoRR abs/1611.10012 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  5. LeCun, Y., et al.: Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Comput. 1(4), 541–551 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Lowe, D.G.: Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 60(2), 91–110 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Dalal, N., Triggs, B.: Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2005 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Hinton, G.E.: ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: 25th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, USA (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lin, M., Chen, Q., Yan, S.: Network in network. CoRR (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Simonyan, K., Zisserman, A.: Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. CoRR (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  11. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Deep residual learning for image recognition. In: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), pp. 770–778 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Xie, S., Girshick, R.B., Dollár, P., Tu, Z., He, K.: Aggregated residual transformations for deep neural networks. CoRR abs/1611.05431 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Szegedy, C., Ioffe, S., Vanhoucke, V.: Inception-v4, inception-ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning. CoRR (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Iandola, F.N., Moskewicz, M.W., Ashraf, K., Han, S., Dally, W.J., Keutzer, K.: SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and \(<\)1mb model size. CoRR (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zhang, X., Zhou, X., Lin, M., Sun, J.: ShuffleNet: an extremely efficient convolutional neural network for mobile devices. CoRR (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Jia, Y., et al.: Caffe: convolutional architecture for fast feature embedding. In: Proceedings of the 22nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia, MM 2014, pp. 675–678 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ioffe, S., Szegedy, C.: Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift, pp. 448–456 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Kingma, D.P., Ba, J.: Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. CoRR abs/1412.6980 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  19. He, K., Zhang, X., Ren, S., Sun, J.: Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on ImageNet classification. In: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV) (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Srivastava, N., Hinton, G., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R.: Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. J. Mach. Learn. Res.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Roy, S., Das, N., Kundu, M., Nasipuri, M.: Handwritten isolated Bangla compound character recognition: a new benchmark using a novel deep learning approach. Pattern Recognition Lett. 90, 15–21 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Roy, S., Das, A., Bhattacharya, U.: Generalized stacking of layerwise-trained deep convolutional neural networks for document image classification. In: 23rd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2016 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Senthil Yogamani .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Das, A., Boulay, T., Yogamani, S., Ou, S. (2019). Evaluation of Group Convolution in Lightweight Deep Networks for Object Classification. In: Bai, X., et al. Video Analytics. Face and Facial Expression Recognition. FFER DLPR 2018 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 11264. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12177-8_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12177-8_5

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12176-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12177-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics