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The Hypothetical Species pp 163–211Cite as

Human Contradictions

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Abstract

Discussing contradictions in the history of ornithology and taxonomic literature, as well as the myriad populartion vogues of natural history and pictorial adventures, we examine Darwin’s own personal evolution and its likely impact on his views regarding natural selection. Compounding that legacy of dualism, the idea of natural selection working upon societal ideals takes various historic turns, leading toward a multiple of assertions linking the individual’s rapid ethical choices (e.g., non-violence) with that of his/her species.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See, for example, “Pessimism on the Food Front,” by Paul R. Ehrlich and John Harte, MAHB, Millennial Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere, April 24, 2018, https://mahb.stanford.edu/blog/pessimism-food-front, Accessed May 15, 2018.

  2. 2.

    See Bhavika Jain, “Jain monk completes 423 days of fasting,” Times of India, November 1, 2015, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jain-monk-completes-423-days-of-fasting/articleshow/49616061.cms.

  3. 3.

    See “4 exploitive societies that died out” by Shea Gunther, Mother Nature Network, January 17, 2013, https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/4-exploitive-societies-that-died-out, Accessed August 8, 2018.

  4. 4.

    See Chapter 14, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, Jared Diamond, Viking Penguin New York, 2005.

  5. 5.

    University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967.

  6. 6.

    See, for example, a complex link among grasslands and bird populations in “Food availability in exotic grasslands: a potential mechanism for depauperate breeding assemblages,” by Andrew D. George, Timothy J. O’Connell, Karen R. Hickman and David M. Leslie Jr, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 125(3):526–533. 2013, https://doi.org/10.1676/13-003.1, he Wilson Journal of Ornithology/Sep 2013/pp. 526–533, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, Published by: The Wilson Ornithological Society, Accessed May 15, 2018.

  7. 7.

    “Predicting extinction risks under climate change: coupling stochastic population models with dynamic bioclimatic habitat models.” David A Keith, H. Resit Akçakaya, Wilfried Thuiller, Guy F Midgley, Richard G Pearson, Steven J Phillips, Helen M Regan, Miguel B Araújo, Tony G Rebelo, Published 23 October 2008. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0049, The Royal Society Publishing, Biology Letters, http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/5/560, Accessed August 11, 2018; See also, “Predicting extinction in a changing world,” Sacha Vignieri, [See all authors and affiliations], Science 01 May 2015:Vol. 348, Issue 6234, pp. 536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.348.6234.536-m, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/348/6234/536.13, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  8. 8.

    See Human Appropriation of the Products of Photosynthesis, by Peter Vitousek, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anne H. Ehrlich, and Pamela Matson, Vol. 36, No. 6, June 1986, Copyright © 1986 by BioScience; see also “Local extinction of British farmland birds and the prediction of further loss,” Simon Gates, Paul F. Donald, First published: 25 December 2001, Journal of Applied Ecology, British Ecological Society, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00549.x, https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2000.00549.x, Accessed May 16, 2018.

  9. 9.

    See multiple chapters devoted to global veganism – economics, politics, and international affairs pertaining to all forms of vegetarianism, in God’s Country: The New Zealand Factor, by Tobias/Morrison, Zorba Press, Ithaca, NY, 2011, zorbapress.com/?page_id=189.

  10. 10.

    See “Incorporating Detection Uncertainty into Presence-Absence Surveys for Marbled Murrelet,” by Howard B. Stauffer, C. John Ralph, and Sherri L. Miller, in Predicting Species Occurrences: Issues of Accuracy and Scale, edited by J. Michael Scott, Patricia J. Heglund, Michael L. Morrison, Jonathan B. Haufler, Martin G. Raphael, William A. Wall and Fred B. Samson, Island Press, Washington, DC, 2002, Chapter 29, pp. 357–365.

  11. 11.

    See Bigger Than Chaos: Understanding Complexity Through Probability, by Michael Strevens, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2003, p. 10.

  12. 12.

    New York: J.J. Audubon, Rev John Bachman, John Woodhouse Audubon, 1845–1848., 1848. 4 volumes; 1849–1854.

  13. 13.

    See The Publication of The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, by Ron Tyler, in John James Audubon in the West – The Last Expedition – Mammals of North America, by Sarah E. Boehme, With essays by Annette Blaugrund, Robert McCracken Peck, and Ron Tyler, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, in association with the Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody Wyoming, and New York, 2000, p. 119.

  14. 14.

    “Audubon and Bachman: A Collaboration in Science, by Robert McCracken Peck, in John James Audubon in the West – The Last Expedition – Mammals of North America, by Sarah E. Boehme, With essays by Annette Blaugrund, Robert McCracken Peck, and Ron Tyler, Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, in association with the Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Cody Wyoming, and New York, 2000, p. 86, citing a letter from Bachman to Audubon, March 6, 1846, Bachman Papers, Charleston Museum.

  15. 15.

    See “Recent Acquisition: Rare 151st plate from Audubon’s Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America,” by Athena N. Jackson, April 1, 2015, https://www.lib.umich.edu/blogs/beyond-reading-room/recent-acquisition-rare-151st-plate-audubon%E2%80%99s-viviparous-quadrupeds-north, Accessed August 10, 2018.

  16. 16.

    Item #146, http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/pulc/pulc_v_21_n_1and2.pdf, https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2014/02/26/audubons-rifle, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  17. 17.

    See Julian Jaynes, The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1976.

  18. 18.

    See “How Buddhism influences pain control choices,” Marilyn Smith-Stoner, RN, PHD, Nursing 2003: April 2003 – Volume 33 – Issue 4 – p. 17, Controlling Pain, © 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc., Nursing 2018, https://journals.lww.com/nursing/Citation/2003/04000/How_Buddhism_influences_pain_control_choices.13.aspx, Accessed August 11, 2018; see also “Pain Without Suffering,” by Ezra Bayda, Jon Kabat-Zinn, Darlene Cohen, and Gavin Harrison, Tricycle, Winter 2002, https://tricycle.org/magazine/pain-without-suffering, Accessed August 11, 2018; see also Piotr Balcerowicz, Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism (Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies, Routledge, Abingdon,UK,2015); see also Caillat, Colette (2003a), “Gleanings from a Comparative Reading of Early Canonical Buddhist and Jaina Texts,” 26 [1], Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies; see also Todd EM, Kucharski A. Pain: Historical Perspectives. In: Bajwa ZH, Warfield CA. Principles and practice of pain medicine. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division; 2004; and Norrsell U, Finger S and Lajonchere C. Cutaneous sensory spots and the “law of specific nerve energies”: history and development of ideas. Brain Research Bulletin. 1999 (archived 2011-09-30);48(5):457–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00067-7. PMID 10372506.

  19. 19.

    “Paddy the Wanderer, a dog well known on the Wellington wharves.” The Evening Post. 17 July 1939. See the late Dianne Haworth’s marvelous book, Paddy the Wanderer, HarperCollins Australia, 2013, https://www.harpercollins.com.au/9780730444053/.

  20. 20.

    Giulio Einaudi editore S.p.A., Turin, 1957.

  21. 21.

    “Indonesian tribe officially recognised as ‘tree-dwellers,’” by Peter Hutchison, July 8, 2010, The Guardian, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/7879391/Indonesian-tribe-officially-recognised-as-tree-dwellers.html, Accessed August 12, 2018.

  22. 22.

    See PubMed, J. Anat. 2004 May, 204[5]:321–30, “Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans,” by Robert McNeill Alexander, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198697, Accessed August 12, 2018.

  23. 23.

    See The Birds Of Southern Mozambique, by Phillip A. Clancey, D.Sc., African Bird Book Publishing, Westville, Kwazulu-Natal, 1996. See also, The Birds of East Africa, by Dr. von G. L. Someren and A. C. Allyn, for the Allyn Museum of Entomology, Sarasota, FL, 1973; A Window On Eternity – A Biologist’s Walk Through Gorongosa National Park, by Edward O. Wilson, Photographs by Piotr Naskrecki, Simon & Schuster, New York, NY, 2014; http://www.pbs.org/gorongosa/gorongosa-national-park, Accessed August 11, 2018; and “In Mozambique, a Living Laboratory for Nature’s Renewal,” by Natalie Angier, July 23, 2018, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/23/science/gorongosa-animals-environment.html, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  24. 24.

    See “The Classification of Birds, in Aristotle and Early Modern Naturalists, (I)” J. J. Hall, June 1, 1991, https://doi.org/10.1177/007327539102900201, History of Science, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/007327539102900201, Accessed August 12, 2018.

  25. 25.

    See “How Many Kinds of Birds Are There and Why Does It Matter?” by George F. Barrowclough, Joel Cracraft, John Klicka, and Robert M. Zink, PLOS, Published: November 23, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166307, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0166307, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  26. 26.

    See, for example, “The 1300 Bird Species Facing Extinction Signal Threats to Human Health,” By Alanna Mitchell, August 26, 2014, National Geographic, https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140825-bird-environment-chemical-contaminant-climate-change-science-winged-warning, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  27. 27.

    https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/birds, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  28. 28.

    ibid., “Discussion” section.

  29. 29.

    See “Birdsong Studies” at Cornell University, http://babylab.cornell.edu/research/173-2, Accessed August 11, 2018; see also Bird Behavior, Vol. 14, pp. 3–50, 2001 1056–1383/01. All rights reserved Copyright © 2001 Cognizant Comm. Corp. 3 “Bird Song Research: The Past 100 Years,” by Myron C. Baker, http://courses.washington.edu/ccab/Baker%20-%20100%20yrs%20of%20birdsong%20research%20-%20BB%2021.pdf, Accessed August 11, 2018; see also Anthrozoology: Embracing Co-Existence in the Anthropocene, by M.C. Tobias and J.G. Morrison, Springer, New York, 2017, https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319459639. See also Why Birds Sing: A Journey into the Mystery of Bird Song, by David Rothenberg, Basic Books, New York, 2006; see also Bird Brain: An Exploration of Avian Intelligence, by Marc Bekoff, Psychology Today, August 29, 2016, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/201608/bird-brain-exploration-avian-intelligence, Accessed August 25, 2018.

  30. 30.

    See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wx-cGnvKsvo, Accessed August 11, 2018.

  31. 31.

    See, for example, the French gothic Book of Hours of the Duc De Berry, ca. 1415: Les Belles Heures Du Duc De Berry, Introduction by James J. Rorimer, Notes By Margaret B. Freeman, Thames And Hudson, London, 1959.

  32. 32.

    Works, 1862, Vol. III, p. 317.

  33. 33.

    See The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford and New York, Volume VII, the 1961 Reprint Edition, pp. 207–208.

  34. 34.

    For a vastly incomplete but at least representative array of some of the most notable contributors to the ongoing revolution in the biological sciences, particularly with respect to avifauna, we note the following: The great literary/scientific treasures encompassed by the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, published between 1874 and 1898 largely under the auspices of the legendary Richard Bowdler Sharpe, British Museum, Natural History, Department of Zoology. [Birds], https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/8233#/summary, DOI; the 42 volumes of the journal, Novitates Zoologicae, published from the Rothschild collections at the Zoological Museum at Tring between 1894 and 1948; Aquila, Bird Notes, Bulletin of the Liverpool Museum, The Emu, The Ibis, Journal fur Ornithologie, Journal of, and Transactions of, the Linnean Society, Proceedings and Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, and Proceedings, and Transactions of the Zoological Society of London.

  35. 35.

    D. Nostrand Company LTD & Collins, New York and London, 1953.

  36. 36.

    See An Essay on Landscape Painting, by Kuo Khsi, translated from the Chinese by Shio Sakanashi, John Murray, London, 1935, p. 47.

  37. 37.

    See the revival of the old Japanese styles (Fukko yamato-e) in the works of the mid-nineteenth century master, Reizei Tamechika (1823–1864), in “The description of a landscape of Dynasty world – About the wall paintings in the Daijuji temple,” by Hinami Ayano, http://hdl.handle.net/10112/9153, Departmental Bulletin Paper, 3/31/2015, Journal of East Asian Cultural Interaction Studies, 8: 75–91; see also Painting in the Yamato Style, by Saburo Ienaga, translated by John M. Shields, The Heibonsha Survey Of Japanese Art, Weatherhill/Heibonsha, New York and Tokyo, Volume 80, 1973, and the convergence of Japanese love of nature in so many forms yielded in particular to a spectacular commitment to birds during the latter half of the Edo Period (1603–1868); “Arts of Japan: Edo Aviary and Poetic License,” “Birds and Bards: Beautiful Japanese Images from the Edo Period,” by Leah Binkovitz, Smithsonian.com, February 20, 2013, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/birds-and-bards-beautiful-japanese-images-from-the-edo-period-21581994/#XHTQw4A5mJ9J9oyz.99, Accessed May 24, 2018; See also Japan- A History In Art, by Bradley Smith, Introduction To The History Of Japan by Marius B. Jansen; Introduction To The Art of Japan by Nagatake Asano, A Gemini-Smith, Inc., Book published by Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1964.

  38. 38.

    See Utamaro, A Chorus of Birds, with an Introduction by Julia Meech-Pekarik, and a Note on kyoka and translations by James T. Kenney, The Metropolitan museum of Art, A Studio Book-The Viking Press, New York, 1981), or Katsushika Hokusai’s famed “Phoenix” (1835).

  39. 39.

    See fine representative images at https://www.pinterest.com/pin/136093219960190093, Accessed May 19, 2018.

  40. 40.

    See representative works within what is probably the largest and most serious natural history collection of watercolors in private hands, that of the remarkable philanthropist and art historian Graham Arader, with Galleries in New York, Philadelphia, and San Francisco.

  41. 41.

    See Farîd-ud-Dîn Attâr’s The Canticle of the Birds, Illustrated through Persian and Eastern Islamic Art, translated from Persian by Afkham Darbandi and Dick Davis, Scholarly supervision of the iconography and Commentaries on the works of art by Michael Barry with the contribution of Leili Anvar, Diane de Selliers, Éditeur, Iran Heritage, Paris, 2013.

  42. 42.

    See p. XIX, translated and edited by Muhammed A. Simsar, The Cleveland Museum of Art and Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz-Austria, 1978.

  43. 43.

    ibid., p. 277, Ms. 282v.

  44. 44.

    For a superb general survey of great ornithological masterpieces, beginning with the Paleolithic and Egyptian hieroglyphics and concluding with a section devoted to the “The Modern Bird,” selections by Paul Klee, Lucian Freud and others, see The Bird in Art, by Caroline Bugler, Merrell Publishers, London/New York, 2012.

  45. 45.

    Saunder and Otley, London, 1837.

  46. 46.

    Birds and People, by Mark Cocker, Photographs by David Tipling, With specialist research by and the support of Jonathan Elphick and John Fanshawe, Jonathan Cape, London, 2013, p. 186.

  47. 47.

    IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3: www.iucnredlist.org/pdflink.115131842, Accessed August 25, 2018.

  48. 48.

    See http://www.bagheera.com/inthewild/van_anim_macaw.htm as but one example among hundreds of synopses of the politically charged worlds of bird protection.

  49. 49.

    See Migratory Bird Management Information: List of Protected Birds (10:13) US Fish & Wildlife Service; https://www.fws.gov/birds/bird-enthusiasts/threats-to-birds.php.

  50. 50.

    …Or the History, Affinities, and Osteology of the Dodo, Solitaire, and Other Extinct Birds of the Islands Mauritius, Rodriguez, and Bourbon, by H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville, published in London by Reeve, Benham, and Reeve in 1848.

  51. 51.

    See “The history of the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and the penguin of Mauritius,” by Julian P. Hume, Historical Biology, 2006; 18(2): 65–89, Taylor & Francis, http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf, Accessed May 19, 2018; see also, Roelant Savery 1576–1639, Museum Voor Schnone Kunsten, Gent, 10 April – 13 Juni 1954, Image #s 75 and 107; and see Roelant Savery, Die Gemälde Mit Kritischem Oeuvrekatalog, by Kurt J. Müllenmeister, Luca Verlag Freren, Düsseldorf, 1998, “Landschaft mit Vögeln (Wiener Dodo) Kupfer 42 × 57, Roelandt Savery FE, 1628,” p. 268; See also, Roelandt Savery, 1576–1639, Filippe De Potter, Isabelle De Jaegere, Olga Kotkova, Stefan Bartilla and Joaneath Spicer, Published by Gent Snoeck, 2010; and L’odyssée Des Animaux, Les Peintres Animaliers Flamands Du XVIIE Siècle, Sandrine Vézilier-Dussart, Snoeck, Gent 2016.

  52. 52.

    Cheke, A. S. (1987). “The legacy of the dodo – conservation in Mauritius”. Oryx. 21 (1): 29–36. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020457; and Cheke, Anthony S. (2004). “The Dodo’s last island” Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius.

  53. 53.

    Hutchinson & Co., London.

  54. 54.

    Supplement to the ‘Birds of New Zealand.’ ” By Sir Walter Lawry Buller, Published (For The Subscribers) By The Author, London: 1905.

  55. 55.

    ibid., supplement, Volume One, p. xxx. For some of Rothschild’s collections, see, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/departments-and-staff/library-and-archives/collections/rothschild-collection.html, Accessed May 19, 2018.

  56. 56.

    Oxford University Press, Kent, UK, 2000, pp. 256–259.

  57. 57.

    Archibald Constable & Co Ltd., London.

  58. 58.

    Hodder & Stoughton, London, New York, Toronto.

  59. 59.

    op. cit., Lankester, p. 31.

  60. 60.

    D. Appleton, New York, 1876; See also, http://thechromologist.com/colours-ernst-haeckel, Accessed May 21, 2018.

  61. 61.

    “Profusely Illustrated With Scientific Accuracy,” © 1890 by Estes & Lauriat, and © by F. R. Niglutsch, New York 1893.

  62. 62.

    Scribner’s Sons, New York.

  63. 63.

    Harper & Brothers Publishers, New York and London.

  64. 64.

    Constable & Company, London, 1922.

  65. 65.

    Edward Arnold & Co., London.

  66. 66.

    Archibald Constable And Co., Westminster, UK.

  67. 67.

    Macmilland And CO, Limited, London.

  68. 68.

    Washington: Robert Armstrong, Public Printer.

  69. 69.

    Under the Direction of Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Published By Authority of Hon. Wm. W. Belknap, Secretary Of War, Volume V. – Zoology, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1875; see also United States Pacific Railroad Survey, Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 1853–1856, including numerous Report(s) Upon Birds Collected on the Survey, by A. L. Heermann, S. F. Baird, J. G. Cooper and G. Suckley.

  70. 70.

    Hordern House, Sydney, Australia, 2003. See “Wild Thing” by Emily Dugan, August 15, 2009, The Independent, London, https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/wild-thing-how-the-writer-ray-howgego-unearthed-tales-of-derring-do-adventuring-1771503.html, Accessed May 21, 2018.

  71. 71.

    Emily Dugan, The Independent, ibid.

  72. 72.

    Translated from the German Von seltenen Vögeln, by Gerald Chapple, Lyons Press, Guilford, Connecticut, 2011.

  73. 73.

    Albus, pp. 229–248.

  74. 74.

    ibid., p. 248.

  75. 75.

    Paradisaeidae, by The Hon. Walter Rothschild, Berlin, Verlag von R. Friedlander und Sohn, 1898.

  76. 76.

    A Monograph of the Paradisaeidae or Birds of Paradise, for the Subscribers by the Author, London, Dedicated to Alfred Russell Wallace; for beautiful visuals from the book, see https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/156590#page/3/mode/1up, Accessed May 21, 2018.

  77. 77.

    M. Thomas Leonard, Day By Day: The Forties. New York: Facts On File, Inc.1977, p. 500.

  78. 78.

    “Birds of paradise,” Natural History Magazine 54: 264–276; See https://library.mcz.harvard.edu/mayrbibliography, Accessed May 21, 2018.

  79. 79.

    ibid., The American Museum Of Natural History, No. 127.

  80. 80.

    Illustrated by Francis Lee Jacques. Macmillan, New York.

  81. 81.

    The Discovery, Art & Natural History Of The Birds Of Paradise, HarperCollins Publishers, London, 2012.

  82. 82.

    ibid., Attenborough and Fuller, p. 199.

  83. 83.

    http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22706229/0, Accessed May 21, 2018.

  84. 84.

    See Curiosities of Ornithology, by T. W. Wood, Groombridge And Sons, London, 19th c., n.d., p. 14; see also Bird Sense: What It’s Like to Be a Bird, by Tim Birkhead, Walker & Company, New York, 2012, pp. 84–86. For a fascinating and ironic account of Mayr’s view of indigenous New Guinea peoples’ view of the “taxonomy” of the birds of paradise, see Chapter 4, “What Rock Bottom Looks Like,” pp. 80–113, of Naming Nature: The Clash Between Instinct and Science, by Carol Kaesuk Yoon, W. W. Norton & Company, New York and London, 2009.

  85. 85.

    Columbia University Press, New York.

  86. 86.

    See https://www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mayr, Accessed May 22, 2018.

  87. 87.

    See “On the Importance of Being Ernst Mayr, ‘Darwin’s apostle’ died at the age of 100,” by Axel Meyr, PLoS Biol. 2005 May; 3(5): e152. Published online 2005 Apr 5, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030152, Journal List, PLoS Biol. V.3(5); 2005 May, PMC1073696, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1073696, Accessed May 22, 2018.

  88. 88.

    See http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/departments-and-staff/library-and-archives/collections/rothschild-collection.html; See also, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/collections/zoology-collections/bird-skin-collections/walter-rothschild-birds.html, Accessed May 24, 2018.

  89. 89.

    Underscoring the ongoing debates regarding tabulations of bird taxonomy, and the corresponding ethics, Wikipedia itself lends enormous interest. For example, in extensive comments pertaining to the listing of any photographs of nests, wherein parenting might have been disturbed, a case in frequent point at the interface of human actions. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Birds/Archive_62; and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Birds/Archive_63.

  90. 90.

    News Chronicle, December 5, 1942 UK.

  91. 91.

    The Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford and New York, Volume V, 1961, p. 344.

  92. 92.

    See “The Ornithologist the Internet Called a Murderer,” by Kirk Wallace Johnson, The New York Times, Sunday Review, Opinion, June 15, 2018.

  93. 93.

    http://datazone.birdlife.org/sowb/casestudy/we-have-lost-over-150-bird-species-since-1500, Accessed June 15, 2018. It is duly noted that there remains a variance in estimates of such post-1500 avifauna extinctions.

  94. 94.

    Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, Vienna, 1921, translated for the London edition of 1922 by James Strachey and titled Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.

  95. 95.

    In the chapter, “A Differentiating Grade in the Ego,” 1922 English edition, p. 105.

  96. 96.

    Longmans, Green, and Co., New York, 1915.

  97. 97.

    ibid., p. 208.

  98. 98.

    ibid., p. 208.

  99. 99.

    Originally published as Masse und Macht in 1960.

  100. 100.

    ibid., Crowds and Power, The Viking Press, New York, 1962, p. 469.

  101. 101.

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Tobias, M.C., Morrison, J.G. (2019). Human Contradictions. In: The Hypothetical Species. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11319-3_6

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