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BiH’s Contributions to International Military-Security-Peace Operations

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Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Foreign Policy Since Independence

Part of the book series: New Perspectives on South-East Europe ((NPSE))

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Abstract

This chapter analyzes the creation and enactment of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s (BiH) foreign policy role of ‘international security contributor and provider.’ We first describe the adoption of a normative framework and establishment of key institutional actors through international interventionism. We then discuss the horizontal contestation of national roles: interactions between domestic political elites, bureaucratic actors, and international elites, who are key to understanding BiH’s foreign policy behavior regarding international military-security-peace operations. Third, we also reflect on endogenous constraints (finances and foreign policy identity) that impede enactment of national roles. Finally, we argue that this role has been strategically utilized by domestic political elites to achieve their respective political and material goals. However, notwithstanding all the identified constraints, we demonstrate that Bosnian foreign policy agency exists in this field.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It is important to clarify that the OHR is mandated with overseeing the implementation of civilian aspects of the Agreement, while in accordance with Annex 1-A of the DPA (Agreement on Military Aspects of the Peace Settlement), NATO has the responsibility for military matters.

  2. 2.

    The term ‘state’ is used to denote central (BiH or national) level of government, in contrast with the entity levels (RS and FBiH).

  3. 3.

    The Presidency selects the Standing Committee’s members. All three members of the Presidency are simultaneously members of the Standing Committee (Presidency 2002).

  4. 4.

    Articles 4a and 4e of the Law on Defense of BiH.

  5. 5.

    Article 84 of the Law on Defense of BiH.

  6. 6.

    Peace support operations and activities are defined as: (1) conflict-prevention operations; (2) peacekeeping operations; (3) peace enforcement, peace implementation and peacebuilding operations; (4) participation in activities of international security and defense organizations to which BiH has acceded; and (5) humanitarian operations (Article 2).

  7. 7.

    General Directions and Priorities of BiH Foreign Policy (Presidency 2003), adopted by the Presidency of BiH in 2003.

  8. 8.

    This number dropped from 16,000 (10,000 professional soldiers, 5000 reserve forces, and 1000 civilian employees) members of the AF as determined in a series of the BiH Presidency’s Decisions on Size, Structure and Locations of the AFBiH, starting in 2006.

  9. 9.

    Article 6 of the Law on Participation in Peace Operations.

  10. 10.

    Within the Ministry’s organizational structure, the Department for International Cooperation monitors BiH international defense obligations and agreements, and coordinates international military representation and assignments (Ministry of Defense 2017b).

  11. 11.

    The Ministry of Security has been regarded as the key champion of supporting international peace operations within the BiH government (Hadžović 2015); the Ministry of Defense performs the majority of tasks related to deployments to these operations, whereas the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is inadequately involved in this process (Kožljak A., personal communication, June 2018).

  12. 12.

    The joint AF were established after the reform of the defense system and transfer of defense competencies from the entity to the state level (Koneska 2014; Kazazić 2007). The reform went through couple of consecutive steps of ‘state- and institution-building,’ mostly performed by the international community, which pursued its own goals, via NATO, OSCE, the EU Delegation, or the OHR.

  13. 13.

    In 2006, BiH became a member of NATO’s military-political program Partnership for Peace (Presidency 2006).

  14. 14.

    See, for instance, the recent Resolution on the Protection of Constitutional Framework and Proclamation of the Military Neutrality of the Entity of Republika Srpska of 18 October 2017, adopted in the RS National Assembly without participation of the opposition parties.

  15. 15.

    The policy of demilitarization still has many supporters in the RS. Bosnian Serbs fear that the numerically stronger Bosniaks will dominate in BiH and therefore threaten the existence of the RS entity (Gaub 2011).

  16. 16.

    Bosniak leadership is categorically opposed to demilitarization and decreases in the AF, since they view it as one of the (few) ‘fundamental pillars of the state.’ Croat leadership, like in the most other internal situations, does not openly address this issue and exploits the situation to achieve other political ends.

  17. 17.

    The majority of the international community, with the notable exception of Russia, fully supports NATO membership of BiH (Turčalo and Kapidžić 2014). From important neighboring countries, Croatia’s attitude toward BiH’s NATO membership is positive, while Serbia’s is rather inconclusive (Preljević 2017, 48–52).

  18. 18.

    As determined by Article 25 of the Law on Participation in Peace Operations.

  19. 19.

    The budget of the Ministry of Defense for 2017 was approximately €150,000,000 (Parliamentary Assembly 2016b) and has declined steadily over the last five years (Hadžović 2015).

  20. 20.

    Bosnian soldiers publicly complain they are less equipped than their counterparts from other countries participating in international peace and security operations (Slobodna Evropa 2015).

  21. 21.

    Illustrative of this would be the dire domestic living and working conditions of the AF. The Parliamentary Military Commissioner frequently warns that the BiH military lacks food, hygiene products, clean, and adequate premises.

  22. 22.

    Some research by psychologists working with returnees from international peace missions highlighted the potential of international peacekeeping for fostering bridging social capital in the AF (Centre for Security Studies 2017a).

  23. 23.

    As succinctly put by the Head of the BiH AF Joint Staff: ‘risks associated with participation in international peace operations were [regularly] assessed as acceptable, since non-participation would be a far greater risk for the country’s Euro-Atlantic future’ (Ministry of Defense 2015b). Similarly, the national political and military leadership repeatedly stated that negative effects associated with participation in certain peace operations would not influence the AF’s deployments (Nezavisne 2015; Slobodna Evropa 2015).

  24. 24.

    More specifically, it is argued that BiH does not rely enough on its contributions to international peace missions to boost its economic, political, and social development. For instance, irrespective of the country in which Bosnian military or political forces have been deployed, there has been no discernable advancement or improvement of Bosnian foreign policy interests, despite the occasional high-level visits and bilateral meetings in the framework of a particular peace mission (Turković B., personal communication, November 2017).

  25. 25.

    From UNPROFOR employed on BiH territory during the war, to NATO-led Peace Implementation Force (IFOR) equipped with an UN mandate, with 60,000 personnel and present until 1996, and Stabilization Force (SFOR) present until 2004, after which the security mandate has been transferred (and is extended annually) by the UN Security Council to the still-present EU mission (Ministry of Defense 2005; Gaub 2011, 86). EUFOR Althea military operation employs more than 600 soldiers on the field, plus the reserve troops. It is ‘focused on capacity-building and training of the AF’ in order to develop their operational capabilities for deployment in international peace support operations, as well as ‘retaining deterrence capacity to support a safe and secure environment’ in BiH (European Commission 2016, 76).

  26. 26.

    The full list of international peace-security-military operations in which BiH representatives participated is as follows: (1) NATO operations: Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ (‘Enduring Freedom’), ISAF Operation in Afghanistan, and Operation Resolute Support in Afghanistan; (2) UN peace support operations, in which (2a) BiH police officers participated: Peace mission in Liberia (UNMIL), Peace missions in Sudan (UNMIS), South Sudan (UNMISS) and Abyei (UNISFA), Peace mission in Cyprus (UNFICYP), Peace mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), Peace mission in East Timor (UNMISET); in which (2b) BiH AF participated: Peace mission in Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC/MONUSCO), Peace mission in Eritrea and Ethiopia (UNMEE), Peace mission in Mali (MINUSMA) and Peace mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA); (3) EU operations: European Union Training Mission in Republic of Central Africa (Ministry of Defense 2015a; Ministry of Defense 2017a; Ministry of Security 2017; NATO 2017; EUTM RCA 2017). BiH police officers in UN peace support operations join the UN police forces (‘UNPOL’), whereas members of BiH AF act as military observers. Their mandate generally includes: supporting implementation of peace treaties, supporting local governments in conducting security reform, civilian protection, organization of training for local police officers, maintaining the rule of law, public order, and internal security, promoting political processes and protection of human rights, supporting country’s reconstruction and renovation, and so on. Mandate of BiH police officers and soldiers in NATO missions includes operative, administrative, and other headquarter activities, securing allied camp bases and ensuring logistics, and training and advising local security forces (Omanović 2010; Presidency 2015b; Parliamentary Assembly 2015a; Parliamentary Assembly 2015c; Ministry of Security 2017; Ministry of Defense 2017a).

  27. 27.

    The Framework Agreement was ratified and entered into force in 2016.

  28. 28.

    For example, Article 7(b) of the Ministry of Security’s Regulation on the Procedure for Sending Abroad Members of BiH Police Forces to Operations for Support of Peace states that ‘the selection of members of the BiH police forces for participation in peacekeeping missions […] takes into account the expertise and experience, national, regional, and gender balance […].’ Also, the Ministry of Security adopted various affirmative measures to increase participation of women in peace missions, for example, ‘decreasing necessary years of work experience as one of the main criteria for application for participation in selection process for deployment to peace missions, from 8 to 5 years for women.’ Women are likewise regularly appointed to commanding and other managerial positions within the BiH contingents in peace missions (Gender Equality Agency 2013, 14–16, 20).

  29. 29.

    Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106 (2013), 2122 (2013), 2242 (2015). This is especially important in conflict areas where women are in extremely vulnerable position, being sexually exploited or raped as war victims, so in these situations the UN missions need women as advisors to local police and security authorities (Centre for Security Studies 2017b).

  30. 30.

    The Vancouver Principles were launched on the margins of the UN Peacekeeping Defense Ministerial conference in November 2017. They contain a set of political commitments made by member states regarding training, planning, and the conduct and care of their own forces participating in peacekeeping operations.

  31. 31.

    For a similar conclusion on the political situation in the country in general, its international behavior and specifically the AF’s functioning, see Gaub (2011).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of International and Public Affairs, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Tanya L. Domi

  2. Department of European Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

    Davor Petrić

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  1. Tanya L. Domi
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  1. Department of International Relations and European Studies, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Jasmin Hasić

  2. Department of Sociology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

    Dženeta Karabegović

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Domi, T.L., Petrić, D. (2019). BiH’s Contributions to International Military-Security-Peace Operations. In: Hasić, J., Karabegović, D. (eds) Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Foreign Policy Since Independence. New Perspectives on South-East Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05654-4_7

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