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Women’s Work in Special Period Cuba pp 201–227Cite as

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Attitudes Toward Work

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Abstract

Through the framework of individual and collective memory, ‘Attitudes Toward Work’ analyzes the portrayal of the female worker in the press and how this collective ideal has influenced women’s individual self-perceptions of themselves as workers. By exploring the interviewees’ identities, attitudes, feelings, and values associated with work, Jerónimo Kersh identifies three main reasons for why women continued to work despite the devaluation of the state wage: financial independence, socialization, and the sense of worth they derived from their work. This chapter also explores generational attitudes toward work; highlighting how although younger women were choosing work out of financial considerations, they still very much subscribed to the same revolutionary values that had been passed down from generation to generation.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    This image was not exclusive to Cuba, though; it was also employed by liberation armies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America to imply that while the revolution serves to transform women’s roles in society, by continuing to encourage women’s reproductive roles, it also maintains social order—Enloe, Cynthia, 1983, Does Khaki become You?: the Militarisation of Women’s Lives, Boston, South End Press, p. 166.

  2. 2.

    Lois M Smith and Alfred Padula, 1996, Sex and Revolution: Women in Socialist Cuba, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 92.

  3. 3.

    Alexis Rojas Aguilera 20/8/90, ‘La mujer, un solido puntal’, Granma, p. 2.

  4. 4.

    Lourdes Pérez Navarro, 4/7/05, ‘Mujeres de alto vuelo’, Granma, p. 3.

  5. 5.

    Pastor Batista Valdes, 25/4/91, ‘Enia – única mujer que dirige un porcino’, Granma, p. 2.

  6. 6.

    Jorge Luis Merencio Cautin, 1/10/04 ‘Enamorada de la investigación’, Granma, p. 3.

  7. 7.

    Ortelio González Quesada, 6/8/04 ‘La mujer de el relámpago’, Granma, p. 3.

  8. 8.

    Lourdes Pérez Navarro, 21/1/05 ‘Hacedoras de sueños’, Granma, p. 3.

  9. 9.

    ‘Ella decidió ser Capitana’, author unknown, 2004—no. 1, Mujeres, pp. 10–2.

  10. 10.

    Isabel Moya, April 1990, ‘Amor en plural’, Mujeres, pp. 5–8.

  11. 11.

    Reynaldo Cedeno & Margarita Pecora, 1997—no. 3, ‘Una mujer que no deja las peleas a medias’, Mujeres en campaña, p. 4.

  12. 12.

    Sonia Castillo Cabreja, 1999—no. 1, ‘La pobreza pasa no la deshonra’ Mujeres en campaña, pp. 4–5.

  13. 13.

    Bartolomé Marti Garcia, 2000—no. 3, ‘Uncía joven presidenta de CPA en Granma: la faena del amor’, Mujeres en campaña, p. 12.

  14. 14.

    ‘Lo real y maravilloso’, author unknown, July 1989, Muchacha, pp. 16–17.

    Iraida Calzadilla, April–May 1990, ‘Adiós a un viejo mito’, Muchacha, pp. 34–5.

    ‘El verde: Un color para respetar’, author unknown, April 1989 Muchacha, pp. 12–3.

  15. 15.

    Ortelio Gonzalez Quesada, 6/8/04 ‘La mujer de el relámpago’, Granma, p. 3.

  16. 16.

    Paco Cruz, Dec 2000, ‘Empleo femenino: realidades y perspectivas’, Mujeres Special Edition, pp. 8–9.

    Enrique Atienzar Rivero, 10/1/02, ‘Más de 14,000 nuevos empleos en Camagüey’, Granma, p. 2.

    Sara Mas, 23/02/02, ‘Crece participación femenina en programas económicas priorizados’, Granma, p. 2.

    María Julia Mayoral, 20/12/02 ‘Continuará el país creando nuevas fuentes de empleo’, Granma, p. 1.

    Reynold Rassi, 22/2/03, ‘Satisfactorio trabajo de la FMC en el 2002’, Granma, p. 2.

  17. 17.

    Raisa Pages, 27/2/91, ‘De amas de casa agricultoras’, Granma, p. 3.

    Raisa Pages, 9/8/91, ‘Conjuro de amores en el sopapo’, Granma, p. 2.

  18. 18.

    Silvia Martínez, 3/5/95, ‘Solidaridad internacional con la mujer trabajadora’, Granma, p. 2.

  19. 19.

    Ibid.

  20. 20.

    Mirta Rodríguez Calderón interview took place on November 29, 2013, in her home in Vedado, Havana.

  21. 21.

    Ray Broadus Browne & Pat Brown, 2001, The Guide to United States Popular Culture, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 926.

  22. 22.

    Leonardo Abarca, 10/8/90, ‘Peligro: Mujer a Bordo’, Bohemia, pp. 4–7.

  23. 23.

    Mirta Rodríguez Calderón, 26/10/90 ‘Fiscal de cuerpo entero’, Bohemia, pp. 30–1.

  24. 24.

    Lillian Guerra, 2012, Visions of Power in Cuba: Revolution, Redemption, and Resistance, 1959–1971, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, pp. 240–1.

    Ana Serra, 2007, The ‘New Man’ in Cuba, Gainesville, University of Florida Press, p. 115.

  25. 25.

    Guerra, Visions of Power in Cuba, p. 242.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., p. 243.

  27. 27.

    Ronal Suarez Ramos, 15/6/05, ‘Inspectora satisfecha de su función social’, Granma, p. 3.

  28. 28.

    Juan Varela Perez, 7/3/98 ‘A esta mujer … hay que seguirla’, Granma, p. 8.

  29. 29.

    Caridad Carrobello, 13/3/98, ‘Mujeres de negocios’, Bohemia, pp. 4–9.

  30. 30.

    Mirta Rodríguez Calderón, 10/2/89, ‘Del ser humano se parte’, Bohemia, pp. 29–30.

  31. 31.

    ‘La mujer que no teme’, author unknown, 17/1/92, Bohemia, pp. 35–6.

  32. 32.

    Paco Cruz, 2001—no. 2 ‘Diálogo verde con Isabel Ruso’, Mujeres, pp. 6–7.

  33. 33.

    Maricel González, 2003—no. 3, ‘Con ellas hay que contar?’, Mujeres, pp. 11–2.

  34. 34.

    Dixie Edith, 19/5/2000 ‘Madres sin trono’, Bohemia, pp. 27–31.

  35. 35.

    Bridgette Cram, Mohamad G. Alkhadry, Leslie E. Tower, 2016, ‘Social Costs: the Career-Family Trade-off,’ in Mary L. Connerley & Jiyun Wu (eds) Handbook on Well-Being of Working Women, New York, Springer, p. 474.

  36. 36.

    Julie Jomeen, 2010, Choice, Control, and Contemporary Childbirth: Understanding Through Women’s Stories, Oxford, Radcliffe, p. 44.

  37. 37.

    Mirta Rodríguez Calderón, & Sonia Moro, 2/3/90, ‘Cuéntame tu vida’, Bohemia, pp. 4–7.

  38. 38.

    Interview took place on 29/11/13 in Nuñez Sarmiento’s home, Miramar, Havana.

  39. 39.

    María Mercedes Jaramillo, 2002, ‘Latin American Feminism and the New Challenges of Globalization’, in Mario Sáenz (ed), Latin American Perspectives on Globalization: Ethics, Politics, and Alternative Visions, Rowman and Littlefield, Maryland, p. 172.

  40. 40.

    Jennifer Abbassi and Sheryl L. Lutjens, Latin America and the Caribbean: The Political Economy of Gender, Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield, p. 27.

  41. 41.

    Helen Safa, 1995, The Myth of the Male Breadwinner: Women and Industrialization in the Caribbean, Colorado, Westview Press, pp. 155–6.

  42. 42.

    Smith & Padula, Sex and Revolution, p. 97.

  43. 43.

    Serra, The ‘New Man’, p. 118.

  44. 44.

    Francesca Polverini & Giovanni Lamura, ‘Italy: Quality of Life in Old Age’ in Alan Walker (ed), Growing Older In Europe, Maidenhead, the Open University Press, p. 80.

  45. 45.

    Alina Verashchagina & Marina Capparucci, 2014, ‘Living Through the Crisis in Italy: the Labor Market Experiences of Men and Women’ in María Karamessini & Jill Ruber (eds) Women and Austerity: The Economic Crisis and the Future for Gender Equality, Oxford, Routledge, p. 249.

  46. 46.

    Michael P Carroll, 1992, Madonnas That Maim: Popular Catholicism in Italy Since the Fifteenth Century, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, pp. 155–7.

  47. 47.

    The liberal revolutionary divorce law, where women were able to solicit a divorce without their husband’s permission, resulted in the divorce rate increasing significantly, from 8.5 percent in 1959 to 30.2 percent in 1974—Elizabeth Stone, 1981, Women and the Cuban Revolution: Speeches and Documents by Fidel Castro, Vilma Espin & Others, New York, Pathfinder Press, p. 25.

  48. 48.

    Guerra, Visions of Power in Cuba, p. 221.

  49. 49.

    Smith & Padula, Sex and Revolution, pp. 40–1.

  50. 50.

    As a result, female voluntary labor peaked at 95.6 million hours in 1973—Jorge Domínguez, 1978, Cuba: Order and Revolution, Cambridge Massachusetts, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, p. 267.

  51. 51.

    Ramon Barreras Ferran, 31/10/03, ‘Vivían deja brisas de salud’, Granma, p. 3.

    Silvia Martínez, 8/3/03 ‘Rinde homenaje la CTC a la mujer trabajadora’, Granma, p. 2.

  52. 52.

    Silvia Martínez, 17/2/94, ‘Jornada de homenaje a la mujer trabajadora’, Granma, p. 2.

  53. 53.

    Anett Rios Jauregui, ‘El trabajo social requiere amor y sensibilidad’, Granma, p. 3.

  54. 54.

    Barreras Ferran, ‘Vivían deja brisas de salud’.

  55. 55.

    Ibid.

  56. 56.

    Mas, ‘Crece participación femenina ….’

  57. 57.

    Rassi, ‘Satisfactorio trabajo de la FMC en el 2002’.

  58. 58.

    Juan Varela Perez, 8/12/95, ‘Alta presencia femenina en la zafra’, Granma, p. 2.

  59. 59.

    Iraida Rodríguez, March 1997, ‘Mano a mano con las isabelitas’ Mujeres en campaña, p. 4.

  60. 60.

    Georgina Jiménez, Vladia Rubio, Iraida Calzadilla, Diana Sosa, Hortensia Torres & Roger Ricardo Luis, 8/3/90, ‘Viviremos con la revolución o moriremos defendiendo la revolución’, Granma, pp. 1 and 3.

  61. 61.

    Vilma Espin, 10/3/89 ‘¿Cosas de mujeres?’, Bohemia, pp. 20–33.

  62. 62.

    ‘Carta de la FMC a Fidel’, author unknown, 3/1/92, Granma, p. 1.

  63. 63.

    Safa, The Myth of the Male Breadwinner, p. 154.

  64. 64.

    Norma Vasallo Barrueta, 2004, ‘La Mujer Cubana Ante los Cambios Economicos: Impactos en su Subjectividad’, in Crisis, Cambios Economicos y Subjectividad de las Cubanas, Havana, Editorial Felix Varela, p. 27.

  65. 65.

    María Julia Mayoral, 22/7/99, ‘Reconocerán a miles de mujeres destacadas’, Granma, p. 2.

  66. 66.

    This type of behavior is not just unique to Cuba: sociologists Jackson and Mustillo found that Afro-American women with lower levels of education in non-skilled jobs had far lower self-esteem than those with higher levels in the professions—P.B. Jackson & S. Mustillo, 2001, I am Woman: the Impact of Social Identities on African American Women’s Mental Health, Women Health, 32(4): 33–59.

  67. 67.

    Aloyma Ravelo, Marilys Suarez & Iraida Campos, 2002—no. 1 ‘Dilemas de vivir en familia’, Mujeres en Campana, pp. 4–7.

  68. 68.

    In 2009, the retirement age for women was raised from 55 to 60 due to the significant aging of the population.

  69. 69.

    Edward González & Kevin F. McCarthy, 2004, Cuba After Castro: Legacies, Challenges, and Impediments, Santa Monica, Rand Corporation, p. 73.

  70. 70.

    Tim Miller, Carl Mason & Mauricio Holz, 2010, ‘The Fiscal Impact of Demographic Change in Ten Latin American Countries: Projecting Public Expenditures in Education, Health, and Pensions’ in Daniel Cotlear (ed), Population Aging: Is Latin America Ready?, Washington DC, The World Bank, p. 258.

  71. 71.

    Henry Veltmeyer & Mark Rushton, 2012, The Cuban Revolution as Socialist Human Development, Leiden, Brill, p. 305.

  72. 72.

    Claire Etaugh, 2008, ‘Women in the Middle and Later Years’, in Florence Denmark & Michele Antoinette Paludi (eds) Psychology of Women: A Handbook of Issues and Theories, Westport, Praeger, p. 292.

  73. 73.

    Derek Milne, 2013, The Psychology of Retirement: Coping with the Transition from Work, West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell.

  74. 74.

    Polverini, & Lamura, ‘Italy: Quality of Life in Old Age’, p. 80.

  75. 75.

    Juventud Rebelde, author unknown, ‘Retired Teachers Returning to the Classrooms in Central Cuba’, 08/09/08, http://www.cuba-l.com/retired-teachers-returning-to-the-classrooms-in-central-cuba/

  76. 76.

    Samuel Farber, 2011, Cuba since the Revolution of 1959: a Critical Assessment, Chicago, Haymarket Books, p. 77.

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    Daliany Jerónimo Kersh

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Jerónimo Kersh, D. (2019). Attitudes Toward Work. In: Women’s Work in Special Period Cuba. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05630-8_8

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