Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Framework for Understanding Human Factors Issues in Border Control Automation

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Human Work Interaction Design. Designing Engaging Automation (HWID 2018)

Part of the book series: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology ((IFIPAICT,volume 544))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

New security threats and increasing traveler flows as well as needs to enhance facilitation and security in EU external cross-border traffic have accelerated the use of novel technologies in border control. Especially at airports, automated border control, more commonly known as e-gates, have been taken widely into use. With e-gates, travelers perform border check as self-service, and the role of the border guards is to monitor or possibly also assist travelers passing the border. The introduction of automated systems significantly reshapes current ways of conducting border control from the border guard’s perspective, and automation thus requires new skills from them. Understanding the effects of automation on the work tasks and work performance of border guards requires thorough examination. This paper introduces key Human Factors issues affecting border guard and border control system performance. The results are based on literature review and field studies conducted in different border control points within six European countries. The paper presents a Human Factors framework for understanding the complex nature of the border control and different factors influencing to both border control process and border guard performance within it.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Frontex Agency, Frontex launches a course on automated border control, Press Rel., 14 March 2017

    Google Scholar 

  2. Toivonen, S., Kojo, H. (eds.): Recommendations for Future ABC Installations - Best Practices, vol. 303. VTT Technology (2017). http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/technology/2017/T303.pdf

  3. EUROCONTROL 2017. Forecast of Annual Number of IFR Flights (2017 - 2023), September 2017

    Google Scholar 

  4. Accenture: Crossing boundaries: Emerging technologies at the border (2017). https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insight-border-agencies-emerging-technologies

  5. Frontex Agency. Best practice operational guidelines for automated border control (ABC) systems, European Border and Coast Guard Agency, Technical report (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  6. European Parliament, “Regulation (EU) 2016/399 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on a Union Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code)” (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Orav, A., D’Alfonso, A.: European Parliament, EPRS. Smart Borders: EU Entry/Exit System, Legislative briefing, June 2017, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/586614/EPRS_BRI(2016)586614_EN.pdf

  8. Endsley, M., Kaber, D.: Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Ergonomics 42(3), 462–492 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee, J.D., Seppelt, B.D.: Human factors in automation design. In: Nof, S. (ed.) Springer Handbook of Automation. Springer Handbooks, pp. 417–436. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-78831-7_25

    Chapter  MATH  Google Scholar 

  10. Parasuraman, R., Riley, V.: Humans and automation: use, misuse, disuse, abuse. Hum. Factors 39(2), 230–253 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Riley, V., Parasuraman, R., Mouloua, M.: Operator Reliance on Automation: Theory and data. In: Automation and Human Performance: Theory and Applications, pp. 19–35. Erlbaum (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B.: A model for types and levels of human interaction with automation. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum. 30(3), 286–297 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Langan-Fox, J., Sankey, M.J., Canty, J.M.: Human factors measurement for future air traffic control systems. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 51(5), 595–637 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kraemer, S., Carayon, P., Sanquist, T.F.: Human and organizational factors in security screening and inspection systems: conceptual framework and key research needs. Cogn. Technol. Work 11(1), 29–41 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ylikauppila, M., Toivonen, S., Kulju, M., Jokela, M.: Understanding the factors affecting UX and technology acceptance in the context of automated border controls. In: IEEE Joint Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference, The Hague, pp. 168–175 (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  16. EN ISO 26800:2011. Ergonomics. General approach, principles and concepts

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dul, J., et al.: A strategy for human factors/ergonomics: developing the discipline and profession. Ergonomics 55(4), 377–395 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. EN ISO 6385:2016 Ergonomics principles in the design of work systems

    Google Scholar 

  19. International Ergonomics Association. Definition and domains of Ergonomics. http://www.iea.cc/whats/index.html

  20. HSE. Health and Safety Executive. HSG48. Reducing error and influencing behaviour (1999). http://www.hse.gov.uk/pUbns/priced/hsg48.pdf

  21. Fergusson, J.: Twelve seconds to decide. Frontex (2014). https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/General/12_seconds_to_decide.pdf. ISBN 978-92-95033-92-4

  22. Le Guellec, E., et al.: Human factors approach to study border control automation impacts and needs: methodology and preliminary results of field studies. In: Ahram, T., Karwowski, W. (eds.) AHFE 2017. AISC, vol. 598, pp. 16–24. Springer, Cham (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60011-6_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. De Keyser, V.: Work analysis in French language ergonomics. Ergonomics 34, 653–669 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Gianni, R., Ikonen, V.: D2.3 RRI Methodology for Project and Development of Initial Scenarios – Summary. Public summary of Bodega project Deliverable 2.3. 2016. http://bodega-project.eu/Deliverables-Publications

  25. Pinder, C.C.: Work Motivation in Organizational Behavior. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Poutiainen, T.: Rajavartioaseman johtaminen: Rajavartioaseman päälliköiden ja varapäälliköiden käsityksiä rajavartioaseman johtamisesta. Master’s thesis. National Defence University (in Finnish only) (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  27. EN-ISO 10075-1:2017. Ergonomic principles related to mental workload

    Google Scholar 

  28. Parasuraman, R., Sheridan, T.B., Wickens, C.D.: Situation awareness, mental workload, and trust in automation: viable, empirically supported cognitive engineering constructs. J. Cogn. Eng. Decis. Mak. 2(2), 140–160 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Hoff, K.A., Bashir, M.: Trust in automation: integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 57(3), 407–434 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Endsley, M.R.: Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Hum. Factors 37(1), 32–64 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Endsley, M.R., Kiris, E.O.: The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 37, 381–394 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Helton, W., Russell, P.: Rest is best: the role of rest and task interruptions on vigilance. Cognition 134, 165–173 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Donald, F., Donald, C.: Task disengagement and implications for vigilance performance in CCTV surveillance. Cogn. Technol. Work 17(1), 121–130 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Cummings, M.L., Gao, F., Thornburg, K.M.: Boredom in the workplace: a new look at an old problem. Hum. Factors 58(2), 279–300 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lee, J.D., See, K.A.: Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 46(1), 50–80 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., Hayes, T.L.: Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol. 87(2), 268–279 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Roto, V., Palanque, P., Karvonen, H.: Engaging automation at work – a literature review. In: 5th IFIP WG Working Conference on Human-Work Interaction Design (HWID 2018) – Designing Engaging Automation, Espoo, Finland, 20–21 August 2018

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was conducted under the BODEGA project (Proactive Enhancement of Human Performance in Border Control; http://bodega-project.eu). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grand agreement No. 653676. Authors would like to thank project partners for their valuable co-operation in gathering and analyzing the data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. VTT, Visiokatu 4, 33720, Tampere, Finland

    Minna Kulju, Mari Ylikauppila, Sirra Toivonen & Laura Salmela

Authors
  1. Minna Kulju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mari Ylikauppila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sirra Toivonen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laura Salmela
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Minna Kulju .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Milan, Milan, Italy

    Barbara Rita Barricelli

  2. Aalto University, Aalto, Finland

    Virpi Roto

  3. Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark

    Torkil Clemmensen

  4. Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal

    Pedro Campos

  5. Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal

    Arminda Lopes

  6. Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal

    Frederica Gonçalves

  7. University of West London, London, UK

    José Abdelnour-Nocera

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 IFIP International Federation for Information Processing

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Kulju, M., Ylikauppila, M., Toivonen, S., Salmela, L. (2019). A Framework for Understanding Human Factors Issues in Border Control Automation. In: Barricelli, B., et al. Human Work Interaction Design. Designing Engaging Automation. HWID 2018. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 544. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05297-3_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05297-3_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-05296-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-05297-3

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation