Abstract
Today, the need for tissue and organ transplant has occupied the centre stage in the field of biomedical engineering. The requirement and the replacement ratio increase drastically where the supply was not met by the demand due to the lack of donors, poor biocompatibility of tissues from donors that boycotts the transplant itself. On the other hand, from the advancement in technology, it is possible to replace natural tissues with some polymeric hydrogels whose mechanical behaviour and biocompatibility resembles the natural tissues. Additionally, hydrogels are one of the effective materials that offer an aqua environment with enriched oxygen and nutrition content that a biological cell needs. Further, three-dimensional (3D) printing, a manufacturing technique where the biomedical organs are fussed with materials such as plastic, ceramics, liquids, powder, living cell etc. in such a way that it provides a 3D object in the micron-scale resolution. Therefore, the combination of polymer composites, hydrogels and 3D printing has its application in skin bioprinting and tissue engineering. Thus, it contributes in acquiring a new, efficient, cost-effective and enhanced biocompatible biological organ.
Keywords
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsAbbreviations
- 3D printing:
-
Three-dimensional printing
- AM:
-
Additive manufacturing
- APS:
-
Ammonium persulfate
- CA:
-
Cellulose acetate
- Ca2+:
-
Calcium
- CAD:
-
Computer-aided design
- CMC:
-
Carboxymethylcellulose
- dECM:
-
Decellularized extracellular matrix
- ECHs:
-
Electro-conductive hydrogels
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- FDM:
-
Fused deposition modelling FDM
- GelMA:
-
Gelatin methacrylate
- GO:
-
Graphene oxide
- HA:
-
Hydroxyapatite
- KPS:
-
Potassium persulfate
- LAB:
-
Laser-assisted bioprinting
- MgO:
-
Magnesia
- MWCNTs:
-
Multiwall carbon nanotubes
- PAN:
-
Polyacrylonitrile
- PANI:
-
Polyaniline
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PEG:
-
Poly ethylene glycol
- PEGDA:
-
Poly ethylene glycol diacrylate
- PES:
-
Polyethersulfone
- PGA:
-
Poly glycolic acid
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- PLGA:
-
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PNIPAAm:
-
Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide
- PPy:
-
Polypyrrole
- PSF:
-
Polysulfone
- PTFE:
-
Poly (tetrafluoroethylene)
- PU:
-
Poly urethane
- PVA:
-
Poly vinyl alcohol
- PVC:
-
Poly vinyl chloride
- PVDF:
-
Polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVME:
-
Poly (viny1 methyl ether)
- RP:
-
Rapid prototyping
- SFF:
-
Solid-free form technology
- STL:
-
Stereolithography
- SWCNTs:
-
Single-wall carbon nanotubes
References
Aboutalebi Anaraki N, Roshanfekr Rad L, Irani M, Haririan I (2015) Fabrication of PLA/PEG/MWCNT electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for anticancer drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 132(3):41286
Almeida CR, Serra T, Oliveira MI, Planell JA, Barbosa MA, Navarro M (2014) Impact of 3-D printed PLA-and chitosan-based scaffolds on human monocyte/macrophage responses: unraveling the effect of 3-D structures on inflammation. Acta Biomater 10(2):613–622
Aoki H, Al-Assaf S, Katayama T, Phillips GO (2007) Characterization and properties of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. var. senegal with enhanced properties (Acacia (sen) SUPER GUM™). Food Hydrocolloids 21:329–337
Arslan-Yildiz A, El Assal R, Chen P, Guven S, Inci F, Demirci U (2016) Towards artificial tissue models: past, present, and future of 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 8(1):014103
Barron JA, Ringeisen BR, Kim H, Spargo BJ, Chrisey DB (2004) Application of laser printing to mammalian cells. Thin Solid Films 453:383–387
Billiet T, Gevaert E, De Schryver T, Cornelissen M, Dubruel P (2014) The 3D printing of gelatin methacrylamide cell-laden tissue-engineered constructs with high cell viability. Biomaterials 35(1):49–62
Chang CC, Boland ED, Williams SK, Hoying JB (2011) Direct-write bioprinting three-dimensional biohybrid systems for future regenerative therapies. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 98(1):160–170
Cheng C, Sun S, Zhao C (2014) Progress in heparin and heparin-like/mimicking polymer-functionalized biomedical membranes. J Mater Chem B 2(44):7649–7672
Christensen K, Xu C, Chai W, Zhang Z, Fu J, Huang Y (2015) Freeform inkjet printing of cellular structures with bifurcations. Biotechnol Bioeng 112(5):1047–1055
Chung HJ, Park TG (2009) Self-assembled and nanostructured hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Nano Today 4(5):429–437
Colina M, Serra P, Fernández-Pradas JM, Sevilla L, Morenza JL (2005) DNA deposition through laser induced forward transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 20(8):1638–1642
Cui X, Boland T, DD’Lima D, Lotz MK (2012) Thermal inkjet printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 6(2):149–155
Dababneh AB, Ozbolat IT (2014) Bioprinting technology: a current state-of-the-art review. J Manuf Sci Eng 136(6):061016
de Nooy AE, Masci G, Crescenzi V (1999) Versatile synthesis of polysaccharide hydrogels using the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent condensations. Macromolecules 32(4):1318–1320
de Nooy AE, Capitani D, Masci G, Crescenzi V (2000) Ionic polysaccharide hydrogels via the Passerini and Ugi multicomponent condensations: synthesis, behavior and solid-state NMR characterization. Biomacromolecules 1(2):259–267
Derby B (2012) Printing and prototyping of tissues and scaffolds. Science 338(6109):921–926
Dinca V, Kasotakis E, Catherine J, Mourka A, Ranella A, Ovsianikov A, Chichkov BN, Farsari M, Mitraki A, Fotakis C (2008) Directed three-dimensional patterning of self-assembled peptide fibrils. Nano Lett 8(2):538–543
Do AV, Khorsand B, Geary SM, Salem AK (2015) 3D printing of scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications. Adv Healthc Mater 4(12):1742–1762
Drury JL, Mooney DJ (2003) Hydrogels for tissue engineering: scaffold design variables and applications. Biomaterials 24(24):4337–4351
Duan B (2017) State-of-the-art review of 3D bioprinting for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 45(1):195–209
Ebara M, Kotsuchibashi Y, Narain R, Idota N, Kim YJ, Hoffman JM, Uto K, Aoyagi T (2014) Smart biomaterials. Springer, Berlin
Fang Y, Frampton JP, Raghavan S, Sabahi-Kaviani R, Luker G, Deng CX, Takayama S (2012) Rapid generation of multiplexed cell cocultures using acoustic droplet ejection followed by aqueous two-phase exclusion patterning. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 18(9):647–657
Gonçalves EM, Oliveira FJ, Silva RF, Neto MA, Fernandes MH, Amaral M, Vallet-Regí M, Vila M (2016) Three-dimensional printed PCL-hydroxyapatite scaffolds filled with CNTs for bone cell growth stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 104(6):1210–1219
Gross BC, Erkal JL, Lockwood SY, Chen C, Spence DM (2014) Evaluation of 3D printing and its potential impact on biotechnology and the chemical sciences. Anal Chem 86(7):3240–3253
Gu BK, Choi DJ, Park SJ, Kim MS, Kang CM, Kim CH (2016) 3-dimensional bioprinting for tissue engineering applications. Biomater Res 20(12):1–8
Guillotin B, Guillemot F (2011) Cell patterning technologies for organotypic tissue fabrication. Trends Biotechnol 29(4):183–190
Guillotin B, Souquet A, Catros S, Duocastella M, Pippenger B, Bellance S, Bareille R, Remy M, Bordenave L, Amedee J, Guillemot F (2010) Laser assisted bioprinting of engineered tissue with high cell density and microscale organization. Biomaterials 31(28):7250–7256
Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF (2012) Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:223–236
Hoffman AS (2012) Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 64:18–23
Huh D, Torisawa YS, Hamilton GA, Kim HJ, Ingber DE (2012) Microengineered physiological biomimicry: organs-on-chips. Lab Chip 12(12):2156–2164
Ingber DE, Mow VC, Butler D, Niklason L, Huard J, Mao J, Yannas I, Kaplan D, Vunjak-Novakovic G (2006) Tissue engineering and developmental biology: going biomimetic. Tissue Eng 12(12):3265–3283
Intra J, Glasgow JM, Mai HQ, Salem AK (2008) Pulsatile release of biomolecules from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips with hydrolytically degradable seals. J Controlled Release 127(3):280–287
Iwami K, Noda T, Ishida K, Morishima K, Nakamura M, Umeda N (2010) Bio rapid prototyping by extruding/aspirating/refilling thermoreversible hydrogel. Biofabrication 2(1):014108
Jang J, Park JY, Gao G, Cho DW (2018) Biomaterials-based 3D cell printing for next-generation therapeutics and diagnostics. Biomaterials 156:88–106
Jayaramudu T, Li Y, Ko HU, Shishir IR, Kim J (2016a) Poly (acrylic acid)-Poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels for reconfigurable lens actuators. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 3(4):375–379
Jayaramudu T, Raghavendra GM, Varaprasad K, Raju KM, Sadiku ER, Kim J (2016b) 5-Fluorouracil encapsulated magnetic nanohydrogels for drug-delivery applications. J Appl Polym Sci 133:37
Jeong KH, Park D, Lee YC (2017) Polymer-based hydrogel scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications: a mini-review. J Polym Res 24(7):112
Jones N (2012) Science in three dimensions: the print revolution. Nature 487:22–23
Jones R, Haufe P, Sells E, Iravani P, Olliver V, Palmer C, Bowyer A (2011) RepRap–the replicating rapid prototyper. Robotica 29(1):177–191
Kaith BS, Sharma R, Kalia S (2015) Guar gum based biodegradable, antibacterial and electrically conductive hydrogels. Int J Bio Macromol 75:266–275
Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK, Kengla C, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2016) A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity. Nat Biotechnol 34(3):312
Kasza KE, Rowat AC, Liu J, Angelini TE, Brangwynne CP, Koenderink GH, Weitz DA (2007) The cell as a material. Curr Opin Cell Biol 19(1):101–107
Kaur G, Adhikari R, Cass P, Bown M, Gunatillake P (2015) Electrically conductive polymers and composites for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 5(47):37553–37567
Kelm JM, Lorber V, Snedeker JG, Schmidt D, Broggini-Tenzer A, Weisstanner M, Odermatt B, Mol A, Zünd G, Hoerstrup SP (2010) A novel concept for scaffold-free vessel tissue engineering: self-assembly of microtissue building blocks. J Biotechnol 148(1):46–55
Kim YB, Kim GH (2015) PCL/alginate composite scaffolds for hard tissue engineering: fabrication, characterization, and cellular activities. ACS Comb Sci 17(2):87–99
Kishi R, Ichijo H, Hirasa O (1993) Thermo-responsive devices using poly (vinyl methyl ether) hydrogels. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 4(4):533–537
Lee JS, Kim BS, Seo D, Park JH, Cho DW (2017) Three-dimensional cell printing of large-volume tissues: application to ear regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 23(3):136–145
Lu T, Li Y, Chen T (2013) Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Nanomed 8:337
Lu Y, He W, Cao T, Guo H, Zhang Y, Li Q, Shao Z, Cui Y, Zhang X (2014) Elastic, conductive, polymeric hydrogels and sponges. Sci Rep 4:5792
Malda J, Visser J, Melchels FP, Jüngst T, Hennink WE, Dhert WJ, Groll J, Hutmacher DW (2013) 25th anniversary article: engineering hydrogels for biofabrication. Adv Mater 25(36):5011–5028
Meng J, Xiao B, Zhang Y, Liu J, Xue H, Lei J, Kong H, Huang Y, Jin Z, Gu N, Xu H (2013) Super-paramagnetic responsive nanofibrous scaffolds under static magnetic field enhance osteogenesis for bone repair in vivo. Sci Rep 3:2655
Murphy SV, Atala A (2014) 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat Biotechnol 32(8):773–785
Ng WL, Wang S, Yeong WY, Naing MW (2016) Skin bioprinting: impending reality or fantasy. Trends Biotechnol 34:689–699
Noshadi I, Walker BW, Portillo-Lara R, Sani ES, Gomes N, Aziziyan MR, Annabi N (2017) Engineering biodegradable and biocompatible bio-ionic liquid conjugated hydrogels with tunable conductivity and mechanical properties. Sci Rep 7(1):4345
Okamoto T, Suzuki T, Yamamoto N (2000) Microarray fabrication with covalent attachment of DNA using bubble jet technology. Nat Biotechnol 18(4):438–441
Ozbolat IT (2015) Bioprinting scale-up tissue and organ constructs for transplantation. Trends Biotechnol 33(7):395–400
Ozbolat IT, Hospodiuk M (2016) Current advances and future perspectives in extrusion-based bioprinting. Biomaterials 76:321–343
Ozbolat IT, Yu Y (2013) Bioprinting toward organ fabrication: challenges and future trends. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 60(3):691–699
Park JY, Shim JH, Choi SA, Jang J, Kim M, Lee SH, Cho DW (2015) 3D printing technology to control BMP-2 and VEGF delivery spatially and temporally to promote large-volume bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B 3(27):5415–5425
Park SH, Jung CS, Min BH (2016) Advances in three-dimensional bioprinting for hard tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 13(6):622–635
Pati F, Jang J, Ha DH, Kim SW, Rhie JW, Shim JH, Kim DH, Cho DW (2014) Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink. Nat Commun 5:3935
Pati F, Gantelius J, Svahn HA (2016) 3D bioprinting of tissue/organ models. Angew Chem Int Ed 55(15):4650–4665
Peltola SM, Melchels FP, Grijpma DW, Kellomaki M (2008) A review of rapid prototyping techniques for tissue engineering purposes. Ann Med 40(4):268–280
Poh PS, Hutmacher DW, Holzapfel BM, Solanki AK, Stevens MM, Woodruff MA (2016) In vitro and in vivo bone formation potential of surface calcium phosphate-coated polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 30:319–333
Radenkovic D, Solouk A, Seifalian A (2016) Personalized development of human organs using 3D printing technology. Med Hypotheses 87:30–33
Reed EJ, Klumb L, Koobatian M, Viney C (2009) Biomimicry as a route to new materials: what kinds of lessons are useful? Phil Trans R Soc A 367:1571–1585
Rengier F, Mehndiratta A, Von Tengg-Kobligk H, Zechmann CM, Unterhinninghofen R, Kauczor HU, Giesel FL (2010) 3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications. Int J CARS 5(4):335–341
Roh HS, Lee CM, Hwang YH, Kook MS, Yang SW, Lee D, Kim BH (2017) Addition of MgO nanoparticles and plasma surface treatment of three-dimensional printed polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for improving bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng 74:525–535
Said HM, Alla SG, El-Naggar AW (2004) Synthesis and characterization of novel gels based on carboxymethyl cellulose/acrylic acid prepared by electron beam irradiation. React Funct Polym 61(3):397–404
Schubert C, Van Langeveld MC, Donoso LA (2014) Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from optics to organs. Br J Ophthalmol 98(2):159–161
Shim JH, Jang KM, Hahn SK, Park JY, Jung H, Oh K, Park KM, Yeom J, Park SH, Kim SW, Wang JH (2016) Three-dimensional bioprinting of multilayered constructs containing human mesenchymal stromal cells for osteochondral tissue regeneration in the rabbit knee joint. Biofabrication 8(1):014102
Shin SR, Zihlmann C, Akbari M, Assawes P, Cheung L, Zhang K, Manoharan V, Zhang YS, Yüksekkaya M, Wan KT, Nikkhah M (2016) Reduced graphene oxide-gel MA hybrid hydrogels as scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Small 12(27):3677–3689
Slaughter BV, Khurshid SS, Fisher OZ, Khademhosseini A, Peppas NA (2009) Hydrogels in regenerative medicine. Adv Mat 21(32–33):3307–3329
Sperinde JJ, Griffith LG (1997) Synthesis and characterization of enzymatically-cross-linked poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Macromolecules 30(18):5255–5264
Stanton MM, Samitier J, Sanchez S (2015) Bioprinting of 3D hydrogels. Lab Chip 15(15):3111–3115
Suzuki M, Hirasa O (1993) An approach to artificial muscle using polymer gels formed by micro-phase separation. Springer, Berlin
Tayalia P, Mooney DJ (2009) Controlled growth factor delivery for tissue engineering. Adv Mater 21(32–33):3269–3285
Tsai KY, Lin HY, Chen YW, Lin CY, Hsu TT, Kao CT (2017) Laser sintered magnesium-calcium silicate/poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Materials 10(1):65
Ulbricht M (2006) Advanced functional polymer membranes. Polymer 47(7):2217–2262
Ullah F, Othman MB, Javed F, Ahmad Z, Akil HM (2015) Classification, processing and application of hydrogels: a review. Mater Sci Eng C 57:414–433
Vandenhaute M, Snoeck D, Vanderleyden E, De Belie N, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P (2017) Stability of Pluronic® F127 bismethacrylate hydrogels: reality or utopia? Polym Degrad Stab 146:201–211
Varaprasad K, Raghavendra GM, Jayaramudu T, Yallapu MM, Sadiku R (2017) A mini review on hydrogels classification and recent developments in miscellaneous applications. Mater Sci Eng C 79:958–971
Ventola CL (2014) Medical applications for 3D printing: current and projected uses. Pharm Ther 39(10):704–711
Visser J, Peters B, Burger TJ, Boomstra J, Dhert WJ, Melchels FP, Malda J (2013) Biofabrication of multi-material anatomically shaped tissue constructs. Biofabrication 5(3):035007
Wang K, Ho CC, Zhang C, Wang B (2017) A review on the 3D printing of functional structures for medical phantoms and regenerated tissue and organ applications. Engineering 3(5):653–662
Włodarczyk-Biegun MK, del Campo A (2017) 3D bioprinting of structural proteins. Biomaterials 134:180–201
Wong HM, Chu PK, Leung FK, Cheung KM, Luk KD, Yeung KW (2014) Engineered polycaprolactone–magnesium hybrid biodegradable porous scaffold for bone tissue engineering. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 24(5):561–567
Wu Y, Chen YX, Yan J, Quinn D, Dong P, Sawyer SW, Soman P (2016) Fabrication of conductive gelatin methacrylate–polyaniline hydrogels. Acta Biomater 33:122–130
Xu T, Jin J, Gregory C, Hickman JJ, Boland T (2005) Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells. Biomaterials 26(1):93–99
Xu T, Gregory CA, Molnar P, Cui X, Jalota S, Bhaduri SB, Boland T (2006) Viability and electrophysiology of neural cell structures generated by the inkjet printing method. Biomaterials 27(19):3580–3588
Xu T, Kincaid H, Atala A, Yoo JJ (2008) High-throughput production of single-cell microparticles using an inkjet printing technology. J Manuf Sci Eng 130(2):021017
Xu T, Zhao W, Zhu JM, Albanna MZ, Yoo JJ, Atala A (2013) Complex heterogeneous tissue constructs containing multiple cell types prepared by inkjet printing technology. Biomaterials 34(1):130–139
Yang C, Chen S, Wang J, Zhu T, Xu G, Chen Z, Ma X, Li W (2016) A facile electrospinning method to fabricate polylactide/graphene/MWCNTs nanofiber membrane for tissues scaffold. Appl Surf Sci 362:163–168
Yue K, Trujillo-de Santiago G, Alvarez MM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Khademhosseini A (2015) Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials 73:254–271
Zhang YS, Choi SW, Xia Y (2013) Inverse opal scaffolds for applications in regenerative medicine. Soft Matter 9(41):9747–9754
Zhang J, Zhao S, Zhu M, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Zhang C (2014) 3D-printed magnetic Fe 3O4/MBG/PCL composite scaffolds with multifunctionality of bone regeneration, local anticancer drug delivery and hyperthermia. J Mater Chem B 2(43):7583–7595
Zhang YS, Yue K, Aleman J, Mollazadeh-Moghaddam K, Bakht SM, Yang J, Jia W, Dell’Erba V, Assawes P, Shin SR, Dokmeci MR (2017) 3D bioprinting for tissue and organ fabrication. Ann Biomed Eng 45(1):148–163
Zhao QS, Ji QX, Xing K, Li XY, Liu CS, Chen XG (2009) Preparation and characteristics of novel porous hydrogel films based on chitosan and glycerophosphate. Carbohydr Polym 76(3):410–416
Zhu Y, Mao Z, Gao C (2013) Aminolysis-based surface modification of polyesters for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 3(8):2509–2519
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Joseph, J., Deshmukh, K., Tung, T., Chidambaram, K., Khadheer Pasha, S.K. (2019). 3D Printing Technology of Polymer Composites and Hydrogels for Artificial Skin Tissue Implementations. In: Sadasivuni, K., Ponnamma, D., Rajan, M., Ahmed, B., Al-Maadeed, M. (eds) Polymer Nanocomposites in Biomedical Engineering . Lecture Notes in Bioengineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04741-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04741-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04740-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04741-2
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)