Abstract
There are many sources of strength when stressful events occur throughout life. Psychologists have identified factors such as social support, positive emotions, and self-compassion that contribute to resilience. Religion and spirituality offer an additional dimension in coping with adversity: the sacred . We argue that an integrated connection with the sacred is essential for accessing unique reservoirs of strength in difficult times. Religious resources serve as lifelines that route individuals towards wellbeing. On the other hand, unrelenting spiritual struggles can compound stress or exacerbate difficulties. Thus it is critical to assess the nature of one’s relationship with the sacred. In doing so, targeted interventions to build spiritual resilience and decrease spiritual risk factors can be applied at different points throughout adulthood and aging .
Keywords
This chapter was supported in part by the John Templeton Foundation Grant 60971. It is a substantially revised and updated version of Strengthened by the Spirit: Religion Spirituality and Resilience Through Adulthood and Aging originally written by Faigin and Pargament and published in Resilience Aging : Concepts, Research, and Outcomes (2011).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Religious coping among diverse religions: Commonalities and divergences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037652.
Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Krause, N., & Ironson, G. (2015). Robust links between religious/spiritual struggles, psychological distress, and well-being in a national sample of American adults. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 85(6), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000084.
Acevedo, G. A., Ellison, C. G., & Xu, X. (2014). Is it really religion? Comparing the main and stress-buffering effects of religious and secular civic engagement on psychological distress. Society and Mental Health, 4(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869313520558.
Agli, O., Bailly, N., & Ferrand, C. (2015; 2014). Spirituality and religion in older adults with dementia: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 27(5), 715–725. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001665.
Alcorn, S., Balboni, M., Prigerson, H., Reynolds, A., Phelps, A., Wright, A., et al. (2010). “If god wanted me yesterday, I wouldn’t be here today”: Religious and spiritual themes in patients’ experiences of advanced cancer. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 13(5), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2009.0343.
Alvarado, C. (2016). Sacred moments in nursing care from the perspective of frontline psychiatric health providers: Prevalence and consequences. Doctoral dissertation, University of Alaska Anchorage.
Anderson, N., Heywood-Everett, S., Siddiqi, N., Wright, J., Meredith, J., & McMillan, D. (2015). Faith-adapted psychological therapies for depression and anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 176, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.019.
Ano, G. G., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., & Pomerleau, J. (2017). From vice to virtue: Evaluating a manualized intervention for moral spiritual struggles. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 4(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000128.
Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2005). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049.
Bengtson, V. L., Silverstein, M., Putney, N. M., & Harris, S. C. (2015). Does religiousness increase with age? Age changes and generational differences over 35 years. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(2), 363–379. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12183.
Berning, J. N., Poor, A. D., Buckley, S. M., Patel, K. R., Lederer, D. J., Goldstein, N. E., et al. (2016). A novel picture guide to improve spiritual care and reduce anxiety in mechanically ventilated adults in the intensive care unit. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 13(8), 1333–1342. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201512-831OC.
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.
Bormann, J. E., Aschbacher, K., Wetherell, J. L., Roesch, S., & Redwine, L. (2009). Effects of faith/assurance on cortisol levels are enhanced by a spiritual mantram intervention in adults with HIV: A randomized trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.017.
Bradshaw, M., Ellison, C. G., Fang, Q., & Mueller, C. (2015). Listening to religious music and mental health in later life. The Gerontologist, 55(6), 961–971. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu020.
Bearon, L., & Koenig, H. (1990). Religious cognitions and use of prayer in health and illness. Gerontologist, 30(2), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/30.2.249.
Brewster, M., Velez, B., Foster, A., Esposito, J., & Robinson, M. (2016). Minority stress and the moderating role of religious coping among religious and spiritual sexual minority individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000121.
Buber, M. (1958). I and thou (trans: R.G. Smith). New York, NY: Scribner.
Candy, B., Jones, L., Varagunam, M., Speck, P., Tookman, A., and King, M. (2012). Spiritual and religious interventions for well-being of audlts in the terminal phase of disease (Review). In The cochrane collaboration. Wiley Ltd.
Cashwell, C. S., Bentley, P. B., & Yarborough, J. P. (2007). The only way out is through: The peril of spiritual bypass. Counseling and Values, 51(2), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2007.tb00071.x.
Cole, B. S., Hopkins, C. M., Tisak, J., Steel, J. L., & Carr, B. I. (2008). Assessing spiritual growth and spiritual decline following a diagnosis of cancer: Reliability and validity of the spiritual transformation scale. Psycho-oncology, 17(2), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1207.
Crabtree, S. (2010, August 31). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from http://news.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx.
D’Aquili, A. B., & Newberg, E. G. (1998). The neuropsychology of spiritual experience. In H. G. Koenig (Ed.), Handbook of religion and mental health (pp. 75–94). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Desai, K. M., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Predictors of growth and decline following spiritual struggles. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.847697.
Doolittle, B., Courtney, M., & Jasien, J. (2015). Satisfaction with life, coping, and spirituality among urban families. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 6(4), 256–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131915596961.
Durkheim, E. (1915). The elementary forms of religious life: A study in religious sociology. (trans: Joseph Ward Swain). New York, NY: MacMillan.
Emlet, C. A., Harris, L., Pierpaoli, C. M., & Furlotte, C. (2018). “The journey I have been through”: The role of religion and spirituality in aging well among HIV-positive older adults. Research on Aging, 40(3), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027517697115.
Exline, J. J. (2013). Religious and spiritual struggles. In K.I. Pargament (Editor-In-Chief), J. J. Exline, J. W. Jones (Associate Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Exline, J. J., Hall, T. W., Pargament, K. I., & Harriott, V. A. (2017). Predictors of growth from spiritual struggle among Christian undergraduates: Religious coping and perceptions of helpful action by God are both important. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(5), 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1228007.
Exline, J. J., Pargament, K. I., Grubbs, J. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). The Religious and spiritual struggles scale: Development and initial validation. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208–222. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036465.
Exline, J. J., Park, C. L., Smyth, J. M., & Carey, M. P. (2011). Anger toward God: Social-cognitive predictors, prevalence, and links with adjustment to bereavement and cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021716.
Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. (1999). Multidimensional measurement of religiousness/spirituality for use in health research: A report of the Fetzer Institute/National Institute on Aging Working Group. Kalamazoo: John E. Fetzer Institute.
Ferraro, K. F., & Koch, J. R. (1994). Religion and health among black and white adults: Examining social support and consolation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33, 362–375. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386495.
Frankl, V.E. (1984). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. (Preface: Gordon W. Allport). New York, NY: Washington Square Press.
Freud, S. (1927). The future of an illusion. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Galen, L. (2017). Which functions assumed to be religious and spiritual in nature are ultimately attributable or reducible to purely secular mechanisms? Religion, Brain & Behavior, 7(4), 293–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2016.1249919.
Gallup (2010). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. Retrieved August 31, 2010, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx.
Gerber, M., Boals, A., & Schuettler, D. (2011). The unique contributions of positive and negative religious coping to posttraumatic growth and PTSD. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(4), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023016.
Gill, C. S., Barrio Minton, C., & Myers, J. (2015). Poor, rural women: Spirituality, religion, and wellness across the life span. Adultspan Journal, 14(2), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsp.12005.
Gloria, C. T., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2014). Relationships among positive emotions, coping, resilience and mental health. Stress and Health, 32(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2589.
Gonçalves, J. P. B., Lucchetti, G., Menezes, P. R., & Vallada, H. (2015). Religious and spiritual interventions in mental health care: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Psychological Medicine, 45(14), 2937–2949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001166.
Hayward, R. D., & Krause, N. (2016). Classes of individual growth trajectories of religious coping in older adulthood: Patterns and predictors. Research on Aging, 38(5), 554–579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515593347.
Henslee, A. M., Coffey, S. F., Schumacher, J. A., Tracy, M., Norris, F. H., & Galea, S. (2015). Religious coping and psychological and behavioral adjustment after Hurricane Katrina. The Journal of Psychology, 149(6), 630–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2014.953441.
Hill, T., Ellison, C., Burdette, A., Taylor, J., & Friedman, K. (2016). Dimensions of religious involvement and leukocyte telomere length. Social Science and Medicine, 163, 168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.032.
Hodge, D. R. (2005). Developing a spiritual assessment toolbox: A discussion of the strengths and limitations of five different assessment methods. Health and Social Work, 30(4), 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/30.4.314.
Holloway, M., Adamson, S., McSherry, W., & Swinton, J. (2011). Spiritual care at the end of life: A systematic review of the literature. London: Department of Health.
Hulett, J. M., & Armer, J. M. (2016). A systematic review of spiritually based interventions and psychoneuroimmunological outcomes in breast cancer survivorship. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 15(4), 405–423. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735416636222.
Hummer, R. A., Ellison, C. G., Rogers, R. G., Moulton, B. E., & Romero, R. R. (2004). Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: Review and perspective. Southern Medical Journal, 97(12), 1223–1231.
Ironson, G., Kremer, H., & Lucette, A. (2016). Relationship between spiritual coping and survival in patients with HIV. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(9), 1068–1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-016-3668-4.
Jim, H. S. L., Pustejovsky, J. E., Park, C. L., Danhauer, S. C., Sherman, A. C., Fitchett, G., et al. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and physical health in cancer patients: A meta-analysis: Religion/Spirituality and physical health. Cancer, 121(21), 3760–3768. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.29353.
James, W. (1961). The varieties of religious experience. New York: NY: Simon and Schuster.
Johnson, C. V., & Hayes, J. A. (2003). Troubled Spirits: Prevalence and predictors of religious and spiritual concerns among university students and counseling center clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(4), 409–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.50.4.409.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2005). Attachment, evaluation, and psychology of religion. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Kaufman, Y., Anaki, D., Binns, M., & Freedman, M. (2007). Cognitive decline in alzheimer disease—Impact of spirituality, religiosity, and QOL. Neurology, 68(18), 1509–1514. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000260697.66617.59.
Koenig, H. G. (2015). Religion, spirituality, and health: A review and update. Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, 29(3), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730.
Koenig, H. G., Al Zaben, F., Khalifa, D. A., & Al Shohaib, S. (2014). Measures of religiosity. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., Hill, P. C., Wong, S., & Ironson, G. (2017a). Exploring the relationships among age, spiritual struggles, and health. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 29(4), 266–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2017.1285844.
Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., & Ironson, G. (2017). Spiritual struggles and health: Assessing the influence of socioeconomic status. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion.
Lawson, E. J., & Thomas, C. (2007). Wading in the Waters: Spirituality and older black Katrina survivors. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 18(2), 341–354. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2007.0039.
Lee, E.-K. O. (2007). Religion and spirituality as predictors of well-being among Chinese American and Korean American older adults. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 19(3), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.1300/J496v19n03_06.
MacKinlay, E., & Burns, R. (2017). Spirituality promotes better health outcomes and lowers anxiety about aging: The importance of spiritual dimensions for baby boomers as they enter older adulthood. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 29(4), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2016.1264345.
Manning, L. K. (2013). Navigating hardships in old age: Exploring the relationship between spirituality and resilience in later life. Qualitative Health Research, 23(4), 568–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312471730.
Manning, L. K. (2014). Enduring as lived experience: Exploring the essence of spiritual resilience for women in late life. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 352–362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9633-6.
Martinez, C. T., & Scott, C. (2014). In search of the meaning of happiness through flow and spirituality. The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society, 4(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.18848/2156-8960/CGP/v04i01/41088.
McConnell, K. M., Pargament, K. I., Ellison, C. G., & Flannelly, K. J. (2006). Examining the links between spiritual struggles and symptoms of psychopathology in a national sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(12), 1469–1484. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20325.
Mercadante, L. A. (2014). Belief without borders: Inside the minds of the spiritual but not religious. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Mollica, M. A., Underwood, W., Homish, G. G., Homish, D. L., & Orom, H. (2016). Spirituality is associated with better prostate cancer treatment decision making experiences. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39(1), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9662-1.
Moore, R. C., Eyler, L. T., Mausbach, B. T., Zlatar, Z. Z., Thompson, W. K., Peavy, G., et al. (2015). Complex interplay between health and successful aging: Role of perceived stress, resilience, and social support. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(6), 622–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.004.
Murray-Swank, N. A., & Pargament, K. I. (2005). God, where are you?: Evaluating a spiritually-integrated intervention for sexual abuse. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(3), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500138866.
Neff, K. D., & Knox, M. (2017). Self-Compassion. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. Shakelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. New York: Springer.
Oemig-Dworsky, C. K., Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Suppressing spiritual struggles: The role of experiential avoidance in mental health. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 5(4), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.10.002.
Oh, P.-J., & Kim, S. H. (2014). The effects of spiritual interventions in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), E290–E301. https://doi.org/10.1188/14.ONF.E290-E301.
Oman, D. (2013). Defining religion and spirituality. In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. 23–47). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Oxhandler, H. K., & Pargament, K. I. (2017). Measuring religious and spiritual competence across helping professions: Previous efforts and future directions. Spirituality in Clinical Practice: Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000149.
Pargament, K. I. (2013). Spirituality as an irreducible human motivation and process. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23(4), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2013.795815.
Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. New York: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I. (2002). Is religion nothing but.? Explaining religion versus explaining religion away. Psychological Inquiry, 13(3), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1303_06.
Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Desai, K. M., & McConnell, K. M. (2006). Spirituality: A pathway to posttraumatic growth or decline? In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 121–137). Mahway, MJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Pargament, K. I., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N, & Hahn, J. (2001). Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: A 2-year longitudinal study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 161(15), 1881–1885.
Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(6), 713–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105304045366.
Pargament, K. I., Lomax, J. W., McGee, J. S., & Fang, Q. (2014). Sacred moments in psychotherapy from the perspectives of mental health providers and clients: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 1(4), 248–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000043.
Pargament, K. I., Magyar-Russell, G. M., & Murray-Swank, N. A. (2005). The sacred and the search for significance: religion as a unique process. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 665–687.
Pargament, K. I., & Mahoney, A. (2005). Sacred matters: Sanctification as a vital topic for the psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15(3), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1503_1.
Pargament, K. I., Wong, S., & Exline, J. J. (2016). Wholeness and holiness: The spiritual dimension of eudaimonics. In J. Vittersø (Ed.), Handbook of eudaimonic well-being (pp. 379–394). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_25.
Park, C. L., Holt, C. L., Le, D., Christie, J., & Williams, B. R. (2017). Positive and negative religious coping styles as prospective predictors of well-being in African Americans. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000124.
Peterman, A. H., Fitchett, G., Brady, M. J., Hernandez, L., & Cella, D. (2002). Measuring spiritual well-being in people with cancer: The functional assessment of chronic illness therapy—Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2401_06.
Pew Research Center. (2008). Religious beliefs and practices. Retrieved May 23, 2017, from http://religions.pewforum.org/reports.
Piderman, K. M., Radecki Breitkopf, C., Jenkins, S. M., Lapid, M. I., Kwete, G. M., Sytsma, T. T., et al. (2017). The impact of a spiritual legacy intervention in patients with brain cancers and other neurologic illnesses and their support persons: Impact of a spiritual legacy intervention. Psycho-Oncology, 26(3), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4031.
Plassman, B., Williams, J., Burke, J., Holsinger, T., & Benjamin, S. (2010). Systematic review: Factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(3), 182–193. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00258.
Poloma, M. M., & Gallup, G. H. (1991). Varieties of prayer: A survey report. Philadelphia, PA: Trinity Press International.
Porter, K. E., Brennan-Ing, M., Burr, J. A., Dugan, E., & Karpiak, S. E. (2017). Stigma and psychological well-being among older adults with HIV: The impact of spirituality and integrative health approaches. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv128.
Prati, G., & Pietrantoni, L. (2009). Optimism, social support, and coping strategies as factors contributing to posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14(5), 364–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325020902724271.
Rafferty, K. A., Billig, A. K., & Mosack, K. E. (2015). Spirituality, religion, and health: the role of communication, appraisals, and coping for individuals living with chronic illness. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(5), 1870–1885. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9965-5.
Raines, A., Currier, J., McManus, E., Walton, J., Uddo, M., & Franklin, C. (2017; 2016). Spiritual struggles and suicide in veterans seeking PTSD treatment. Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 9(6), 746–749. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000239.
Rajagopal, D., Mackenzie, E., Bailey, C., & Lavizzo-Mourey, R. (2002). The effectiveness of a spiritually-based intervention to alleviate subsyndromal anxiety and minor depression among older adults. Journal of Religion and Health, 41(2), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015854226937.
Ridgeway, J., Eton, D. T., Egginton, J. S., Tiedje, K., Linzer, M., Boehm, D., et al. (2014). Factors that lessen the burden of treatment in complex patients with chronic conditions: A qualitative study. Patient Preference and Adherence, 339. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S58014.
Rizzuto, A. (1979). The bird of the living God: A psychoanalytic study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ronneberg, C., Miller, E., Dugan, E., & Porell, F. (2016). The protective effects of religiosity on depression: A 2-year prospective study. Gerontologist, 56(3), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu073.
Sanchez, M., Dillon, F. R., Concha, M., & De La Rosa, M. (2015). The impact of religious coping on the acculturative stress and alcohol use of recent latino immigrants. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 1986–2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9883-6.
Schlehofer, M. M., Omoto, A. M., & Adelman, J. R. (2008). How do “Religion” and “Spirituality” differ? Lay definitions among older adults. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47(3), 411–425.
Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (2018). Return to religion? Predictors of religious change among baby-boomers in their transition to later life. Journal of Population Ageing, 11(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-017-9216-0.
Shaheen Al Ahwal, M., Al Zaben, F., Sehlo, M. G., Khalifa, D. A., & Koenig, H. G. (2016). Religious beliefs, practices, and health in colorectal cancer patients in Saudi Arabia. Psycho-oncology, 25(3), 292–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3845.
Stauner, N., Exline, J., Grubbs, J., Pargament, K., Bradley, D., & Uzdavines, A. (2016). Bifactor models of religious and spiritual struggles: Distinct from religiousness and distress. Religions, 7(6), 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7060068.
Stroppa, A., Colugnati, F. A., Koenig, H. G., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2018). Religiosity, depression, and quality of life in bipolar disorder: A two-year prospective study. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, (0). https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2365.
Tarakeshwar, N., Pearce, M. J., & Sikkema, K. J. (2005). Development and implementation of a spiritual coping group intervention for adults living with HIV/AIDS: A pilot study. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 8(3), 179–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13694670500138908.
Teresa, M., & Kolodiejchuk, B. (2007). Mother Teresa: Come be my light: The private writings of the Saint of Calcutta. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Trevino, K. M., Balboni, M., Zollfrank, A., Balboni, T., & Prigerson, H. G. (2014). Negative religious coping as a correlate of suicidal ideation in patients with advanced cancer: Religious coping and suicidal ideation in cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 23(8), 936–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3505.
Unantenne, N., Warren, N., Canaway, R., & Manderson, L. (2013). The strength to cope: Spirituality and faith in chronic disease. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(4), 1147–1161.
Vahia, I. V., Depp, C. A., Palmer, B. W., Fellows, I., Golshan, S., Thompson, W., et al. (2011). Correlates of spirituality in older women. Aging & Mental Health, 15(1), 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2010.501069.
Vieten, C., Scammell, S., Pilato, R., Ammondson, I., Pargament, K., & Lukoff, D. (2013). Spiritual and religious competencies for psychologists. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 5(3), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032699.
Wachholtz, A. B., Pearce, M. J., & Koenig, H. (2007). Exploring the relationship between spirituality, coping, and pain. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9114-7.
Winter, U., Hauri, D., Huber, S., Jenewein, J., Schnyder, U., & Kraemer, B. (2009). The psychological outcome of religious coping with stressful life events in a swiss sample of church attendees. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78(4), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1159/000219523.
Whitfield, C. (2003). My recovery: A personal plan for healing. Deerfield Beach, FL: HCI.
Wong, S., & Pargament, K.I. (2018, April). Seeing their soul: Sacred moments as a predictor of wellbeing for family caregivers. Poster presented at the Bowling Green State University Charles E. Shanklin Colloquium, Bowling Green, Ohio.
Wortmann, J., Park, C., & Edmondson, D. (2011). Trauma and PTSD symptoms: Does spiritual struggle mediate the link? Psychological Trauma-Theory Research Practice and Policy, 3(4), 442–452. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021413.
Yonker, J. E., Schnabelrauch, C. A., & DeHaan, L. G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.08.010.
Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rye, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., et al. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387689.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wong, S., Pargament, K.I., Faigin, C.A. (2018). Sustained by the Sacred: Religious and Spiritual Factors for Resilience in Adulthood and Aging. In: Resnick, B., Gwyther, L., Roberto, K. (eds) Resilience in Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-04554-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-04555-5
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)