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Fluoride Toxicity and Recent Advances in Water Defluoridation with Specific Emphasis on Nanotechnology

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Emerging Nanostructured Materials for Energy and Environmental Science

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 23))

Abstract

Water contamination has been a global challenge for many decades. A variety of inorganic and organic pollutants have indeed degraded the quality of water over the years. Among these various pollutants, fluoride ions stand out as the inorganic pollutants of prime concern in ground- and drinking water since concentrations which exceed 1,5 mg/L can lead to skeleton fluorosis and other bone disorders. The defluoridation of ground- and drinking water has therefore become a topic of great importance. This chapter therefore serves to review the current global distribution of fluoride in ground- and drinking water. Some attention is also paid to the natural and anthropogenic sources of fluoride as well as the chemistry of fluorides which renders them toxic. The various toxic effects of fluoride are highlighted. The defluoridation techniques employed thus far are also critically reviewed and discussed. Much emphasis is devoted to adsorption technology which is currently the most popular technology due to its simplicity and effectiveness and the various adsorbents that have been tested for defluoridation. Each adsorbent is critically analysed with respect to its merits and demerits. Lastly, the benefits of nanotechnology and nanostructured adsorbents are discussed, and future research prospects on the use of such a technology are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Kamya Parashar, Kriveshini Pillay, Raghunath Das & Arjun Maity

  2. DST/CSIR National Center for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, South Africa

    Arjun Maity

Authors
  1. Kamya Parashar
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  2. Kriveshini Pillay
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  3. Raghunath Das
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  4. Arjun Maity
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arjun Maity .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Tarapacá, Arica, Chile

    Saravanan Rajendran

  2. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mu. Naushad

  3. Energy Materials, CSIR Materials Science and Manufacturing, Pretoria, South Africa

    Kumar Raju

  4. Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ISEN, Univ. Valenciennes, UMR 8520 – IEMN, Lille, France

    Rabah Boukherroub

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Parashar, K., Pillay, K., Das, R., Maity, A. (2019). Fluoride Toxicity and Recent Advances in Water Defluoridation with Specific Emphasis on Nanotechnology. In: Rajendran, S., Naushad, M., Raju, K., Boukherroub, R. (eds) Emerging Nanostructured Materials for Energy and Environmental Science. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04474-9_9

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