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Health and Safety in Contemporary Britain pp 79–136Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

A New Order? Constituting Health and Safety

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Abstract

This chapter examines four core components of the constitutional legitimacy of health and safety, relating to the legal and political bases on which it is based and undertaken. It shows how health and safety has been shaped by the new legal framework and institutional regulatory arrangements that have been created since 1960 to direct activity in this area, and the fundamental challenges of accountability and clarity that they have posed. It also considers the contributions of, and challenges posed by, central government within the United Kingdom, and the European Union (EU), to the legitimacy of health and safety. In each case, complex institutional trade-offs are explored which demonstrate the interlinked strengths and weaknesses of health and safety’s relationship to ideas of legality, accountability, and due process.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ‘Primary legislation’ refers to statutes and Acts of Parliament; ‘secondary legislation ’ refers to legal instruments (regulations and other statutory instruments) made under powers conferred by Acts of Parliament; for example, the HSWA 1974 (primary legislation) confers a power on the relevant Secretary of State to create regulations to govern specific safety risks.

  2. 2.

    This provision remained in force until its repeal by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992.

  3. 3.

    Per Lord Oaksey in Marshall v Gotham (1954), AC 360 at p. 370; see also Austin Rover v H.M. Inspector of Factories (1989), 3 WLR 520.

  4. 4.

    An account of this sort is provided by HSE, who laud the Act as having helped make Britain one of the safest and healthiest places in the world to work, [and] saving thousands of lives. http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/40/beyond.htm.

  5. 5.

    C. A. Rose, Memorandum to British Rail Board, 16 August 1977, p. 10. The National Archive of the UK (TNA), AN 156/936.

  6. 6.

    This obligation is contained within Articles 4(1) and 5(1) of Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989, and the issue was examined by the European Court of Justice in Commission of the European Communities v United Kingdom, 14 June 2007, C-127/05.

  7. 7.

    In that, breaching a regulation might not be an offence in and of itself, but provide evidence that the general duties within the HSWA have been breached.

  8. 8.

    V. Feather, quoted in ‘Both Sides Welcome Alf’s Report’, Safety and Rescue, September 1972, p. 2. TNA, LAB 96/476.

  9. 9.

    http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/statinstruments.htm.

  10. 10.

    http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/index-legal-ref.htm.

  11. 11.

    British Rail Board (BRB)/HSE, An Outline Report on OSH by the Accident Prevention Advisory Unit, November 1982, p. 17. TNA, AN 16/157.

  12. 12.

    R v Chargot Limited (t/a Contract Services) and Others (2008), UKHL 72.

  13. 13.

    Ibid., per Lord Hope of Craighead at para. 30.

  14. 14.

    Ibid., paras. 21 and 29–31.

  15. 15.

    B. Simpson, quoted in New Powers Aid Inspectors, Safety and Rescue, March 1975, p. 3.

  16. 16.

    ‘Workers’ Safety and Health’, HC Deb 21 May 1973, Hansard Vol. 857 cc62–117, 65.

  17. 17.

    B. England, ‘Discussion’, Work Hazards 21 (c. 1979), p. 18. Samuel Barr Collection, Glasgow , Caledonian University, GCU DC 140/2/1/2.

  18. 18.

    Report of TUC Conference on the Robens Report, 12 October 1972, pp. 44–45. TUC Library, HD 7273.

  19. 19.

    https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/960/article/2/made.

  20. 20.

    They are listed at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations.

  21. 21.

    Hansard (1974), Vol. 871, Col. 1290, 3 April.

  22. 22.

    ‘Mines (Health and Safety)’, HC Deb 26 October 1993, Hansard Vol. 230 cc698–747, 703.

  23. 23.

    HSE Management Board Minutes, 19 June 1975, Min. 2,a,i. The National Archives of the UK [TNA], London, EF 10/1.

  24. 24.

    J. Hose, President of the National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers, quoted in ‘Safety Is Expendable’, The Land Worker, March 1980, p. 7. MERL.

  25. 25.

    In 2013–2014, LAs brought 92 prosecutions http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/prosecutions.htm compared to HSE’s 588, and conducted 6300 proactive inspections and 37,000 ‘other visits’—where health and safety arises via other engagements with businesses (such as food hygiene inspections, licensing processes, and advisory visits) http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/meetings/committees/hela/310714/data-collection%E2%80%93analysis.pdf. HSE conducted 23,740 proactive inspections (of high-risk or poorly performing workplaces) in the same year http://www.hse.gov.uk/aboutus/reports/1314/ar1314.pdf.

  26. 26.

    A requirement imposed under the Health and Morals of Apprentices Act 1802, IX.

  27. 27.

    Good Health and Safety, Good for Everyone. http://www.dwp.gov.uk/docs/good-health-and-safety.pdf.

  28. 28.

    Written Evidence of P. O’Gorman to Robens Committee , 8 October 1970, p. 10. TNA, LAB 96/36.

  29. 29.

    Written Evidence of National Federation of Professional Workers to Robens Committee , 15 March 1971, p. 2. TNA, LAB 96/697.

  30. 30.

    National Local Authority Enforcement Code, Health and Safety at Work: England, Scotland & Wales. http://www.hse.gov.uk/lau/la-enforcement-code.htm.

  31. 31.

    I vividly remember when the Commission proposed a directive on fire signage [in 1975…] the only controversial question, curiously enough, was whether the sign […] should be a running man, as it turned out to be, or a walking man. [The British thought] it utterly wrong that anybody should run if there was a fire, you walked! (John Rimington Interview, para. 13)

  32. 32.

    M. Leahy, Assistant General Secretary Iron and Steel Trades Confederation, ‘A Step in the Right Direction’, Focus, OSH Newsletter for Reps of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation, February 1998, p. 2. MRC, MSS.36.2000.72.

  33. 33.

    Directive 89/391/EEC.

  34. 34.

    The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations; Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations; Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations; Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations; Manual Handling Operations Regulations; and Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment ) Regulations.

  35. 35.

    HSC Press Release, Plan of Work for 1981–1982 and Onwards, 18 June 1981. Glasgow , Mitchell Library, TD914/18/2 (emphasis added).

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  1. School of Law, University of Reading, Reading, UK

    Paul Almond

  2. School of Area Studies, History, Politics and Literature, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

    Mike Esbester

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Almond, P., Esbester, M. (2019). A New Order? Constituting Health and Safety. In: Health and Safety in Contemporary Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03970-7_4

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