Abstract
This chapter reiterates the core arguments of the book about the trajectory of wildlife policy and politics amidst the shifts from empire to nation. It uses the key explanatory themes—administration, militarization, science, nationalism, and a broadening constituency for wildlife—to also suggest some frameworks for using the history in the preceding chapters to think through the present.
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Notes
- 1.
Julia Tischler Light and Power for a Multiracial Nation: the Kariba Dam Scheme in the Central African Federation (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
- 2.
Elizabeth Colson, The Social Consequences of Resettlement: the Impact of the Kariba Resettlement upon the Gwembe Tonga (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1971).
- 3.
Eric Robbins and Ronald Legge, Animal Dunkirk: the story of Lake Kariba and ‘Operation Noah’ the Greatest Animal Rescue since the Ark (London: Herberg Jenkins, 1959), 58.
- 4.
Robbins and Legge, Animal Dunkirk, 32.
- 5.
Robbins and Legge, Animal Dunkirk, 102; Frank Clements, Kariba: The Struggle with the River God (London: Methuen, 1960, 184; Parnell to Minister, August 4, 1959, NAZ SEC6/432.
- 6.
Acting Provincial Commissioner (Southern) to Director of Game Department, September 2, 1957, NAZ SEC6/45.
- 7.
“The Animals ‘Dunkirk’,” May 8, 1959; “Operation Noah,” May 8, 1959; “W Charles Lagus’ Film Kariba,” November 12, 1959; “Operation Noah to be resumed,” December 18, 1959; April 7, 1961; “Kariba Lake Traps 100 Elephants,” May 29, 1962; “Game Warden Gored by Rhinoceros,” August 9, 1965; Times (London).
- 8.
For example, “Tanzanian Officials Defend Proposed Serengeti Highway at Regional Court,” All Africa, August 31, 2013. http://allafrica.com/stories/201309020091.html Accessed April 4, 2014.
- 9.
See, for example, Mbaria and Ogada, Big Conservation Lie, “GBM linked to elephant tusks confiscated at airport,” Zambian Watchdog, June 13, 2013. https://www.zambianwatchdog.com/gbm-linked-to-elephant-tusks-confiscated-at-airport/comment-page-1/ Accessed April 4, 2014. “Masebo tells police to probe ivory diplomats but say nothing about army commander,” Zambian Watchdog, June 11, 2013.
- 10.
Liu Guangyuan, “How China helps Africa protect its dwindling wildlife from poachers,” Daily Nation, March 12, 2013; “China to help fund anti-poaching war,” Daily Nation, August 9, 2013.
- 11.
See “All-female anti-poaching combat unit: in pictures,” The Guardian, December 16, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2017/dec/17/all-female-anti-poaching-combat-unit-in-pictures Accessed December 17, 2017; David Smith, “Fighting the poachers on Africa’s thin green line,” The Guardian, June 15, 2013; James Kariuki, “KWS declares all-out war against poachers,” Daily Nation, March 18, 2014.
- 12.
Nir Kalron and Andrea Crosta, “Africa’s White Gold of Jihad: al-Shabaab and Conflict Ivory,” Elephant Action League, undated 2013. http://elephantleague.org/project/africas-white-gold-of-jihad-al-shabaab-and-conflict-ivory/ Accessed April 6, 2014; Johan Bergenas, Rachel Stohl, and Ochieng Adala, “Killing Lions, Buying Bombs,” New York Times, August 9, 2013; Rachel Streitfeld, “Hillary Clinton on link between elephants, terrorism,” CNN, September 26, 2013. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2013/09/26/hillary-clinton-on-link-between-elephants-terrorism/ Accessed April 6, 2014; Barack Obama, “Establishment of the Advisory Council on Wildlife Trafficking,” The White House Office of the Press Secretary, September 9, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/09/09/establishment-advisory-council-wildlife-trafficking Accessed April 6, 2014. The White House Office of the Press Secretary, “Executive Order—Combating Wildlife Trafficking,” July 1, 2013. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/01/executive-order-combating-wildlife-trafficking Accessed April 6, 2014; J. Saunders, “Applying the Lessons from Iraq and Afghanistan to the Poaching Crisis,” ICCF, April 8, 2013. http://iccfoundation.us/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=476:lessons-from-iraq-and-afghanistan-poaching-crisis&catid=70:briefings-2012&Itemid=81 Accessed April 6, 2014.
- 13.
Abdullahi Boru Halakhe, “‘R2P in Practice’: Ethnic violence, elections and atrocity prevention in Kenya,” (Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, 2013), 12, http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/kenya_occasionalpaper_web.pdf. For KWS’ security role, see also Dominic Wabala, “Command centre established to respond to violence, attacks during election,” Standard, June 24, 2017; Human Rights Watch, “Kenya: post-election killings, abuse,” August 27, 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/27/kenya-post-election-killings-abuse
- 14.
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (Verso, 1983).
- 15.
Hayes, Last Place on Earth, 261.
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Schauer, J. (2019). Conclusion. In: Wildlife between Empire and Nation in Twentieth-Century Africa. African Histories and Modernities. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02883-1_8
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