Abstract
The telepresence experience can be evoked in a number of ways. A well-known example is a player of videogames who reports about a telepresence experience, a subjective experience of being in one place or environment, even when physically situated in another place. In this paper we set the phenomenon of telepresence into a theoretical framework. As people react subjectively to stimuli from telepresence, empirical studies can give more evidence about the phenomenon. Thus, our contribution is to bridge the theoretical with the empirical. We discuss theories of perception with an emphasis on Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Gibson, the role of the senses and the Spinozian belief procedure. The aim is to contribute to our understanding of this phenomenon. A telepresence-study that included the affordance concept is used to empirically study how players report sense-reactions to virtual sightseeing in two cities. We investigate and explore the interplay of the philosophical and the empirical. The findings indicate that it is not only the visual sense that plays a role in this experience, but all senses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Baumgartner, T., L. Valko, M. Esslen, and L. Jäncke. 2006. Neural correlate of spatial presence in an arousing and noninteractive virtual reality: An EEG and psychophysiology study. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 9 (1): 30–45.
Bazin, A. 1967. What Is Cinema? Trans. H. Gray. Los Angeles: University of California Press. (Original work published 1951).
Biocca, F. 1997. The cyborg’s dilemma: Progressive embodiment in virtual environments. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication 3(2). Available at: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue4.
———. 2001. Inserting the presence of mind into a philosophy of presence: A response to Sheridan and Mantovani and Riva. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10 (5): 546–556.
Burri, R.V., C. Schubert, and J. Strübing. 2011. The five senses of science. Science, Technology & Innovation Studies 7 (1): 1–3.
Clemente, M., A.J. Rodríguez, B. Rey, and M. Alcañiz. 2013. Measuring presence during the navigation in a virtual environment using EEG. In Annual review of cybertherapy and telemedicine 2013: Positive technology and health engagement for healthy living and active ageing, ed. B.K. Wiederhold and G. Riva, vol. 191, 136–140. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Dinh, H.Q., N. Walker, L.F. Hodges, C. Song, and A. Kobayashi. 1999. Evaluating the importance of multi-sensory input on memory and the sense of presence in virtual environments. In Proceedings of the IEEE virtual reality conference, March 13–17, Houston, TX, 222–228. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.
Dretske, F. 2003. Experience as representations. Philosophical Issues, Philosophy of Mind 13: 67–82.
Flach, J.M., and J.G. Holden. 1998. The reality of experience. Presence, Teleoperators, and Virtual Environments 7: 90–95.
Floridi, L. 2005. The philosophy of presence: From epistemic failure to successful observation. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14 (6): 656–667.
Fulkerson, M. 2014. Rethinking the senses and their interactions: The case for sensory pluralism. Frontiers in Psychology 5: 1426.
Gerard, H.B. 1997. Psychic reality and unconscious belief: A reconsideration. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 78: 327–334.
Gibson, J.J. 1966. The senses considered as perceptual systems. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Gilbert, D.T. 1991. How mental systems believe. American Psychologist 46 (2): 107–119.
Heidegger, M. 1954. The question concerning technology, and other essays, 1977. New York: Harper & Row.
Heinemann, F.H. 1941. The analysis of ‘Experience’. The Philosophical Review 50 (6): 561–584.
Held, R.M., and N.I. Durlach. 1992. Telepresence. Presence 1 (1): 109–112.
Hoffman, H.G., T. Richards, B. Coda, A. Richards, and S.R. Sharar. 2003. The illusion of presence in immersive virtual reality during an fMRI brain scan. Cyberpsychology & Behavior 6 (2): 127–131.
Ihde, D. 1983. Existential technics. Albany: SUNY Press.
———. 2002. Bodies in technology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Kahneman, D. 2002. Maps of bounded rationality (No. 2002–4). Nobel Prize Committee.
Leister, W., H. Müller, and A. Stößer. 1991. Fotorealistische Computeranimation. Springer. ISBN 3-540-53234-X, in German.
Lessiter, J., J. Freeman, E. Keogh, and J. Davidoff. 2001. A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-sense of presence inventory. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10: 282–298.
Logue, H. 2009. Perceptual experience: relations and representations. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Lombard, M., and T.B. Ditton 1997. At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3(2).
Lombard, M., T.B. Ditton, D. Crane, B. Davis, G. Gil-Egui, and K. Horvath. 2000. Measuring presence: A literature-based approach to the development of a standardized paper-and-pencil instrument. In Proceedings of the third international workshop on presence, ed. W. IJsselsteijn, J. Freeman, and H. de Ridder.
Lombard, M., T. B. Ditton, and L. Weinstein. 2011. Measuring telepresence: The validity of the Temple Presence Inventory (TPI) in a gaming context. Fourteenth International Workshop on Presence (ISPR 2011), Edinburgh, Scotland.
Lombard, M., and Weinstein, L. 2012. What are telepresence experiences like in the real world? A qualitative survey. In Proceedings of the 15th international workshop on presence (ISPR’14). https://ispr.info/presence-conferences/previous-conferences/ispr-2014/. Accessed 16 Oct 2018.
Low, D. 2009. The body of Merleau – Ponty’s work as a developing whole. International Philosophical Quarterly 49 (2): 207–227.
MacDougall, D. 1997. The visual in anthropology. In Rethinking visual anthropology, ed. M. Banks and H. Morphy. London: Routledge.
Macpherson, F. 2011. Individuating the senses. In The senses, 3–43. New York: Oxford University Press.
Martin, M.G.F. 2004. The limits of self-awareness. Philosophical Studies 120 (1–3): 37–89.
Mathews, E. 2002. The philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. Montreal: McGill-Queens’s University Press.
Matthews, E. 2002. The philosophy of Merleau-Ponty. Stocksfield: Acumen Publishing.
McLuhan, M. 1964. Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw Hill.
Merchant, S. 2011. The body and the senses: Visual methods, videography and the submarine sensorium. Body & Society 17 (1): 53–72.
Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962. Phenomenology of Perception. Trans. C. Smith. New York: Routledge (Original work published in 1945).
———. (1968). The Visible and the Invisible. Trans. A. Lingis. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Mingers, J. 2001. Embodying information systems: The contribution of phenomenology. Information and Organization 11: 103–128.
Morie, J.F. 2007. Meaning and emplacement in expressive immersive virtual environments. Doctoral dissertation, University of East London.
Nacke, L.E. 2013. An introduction to physiological player metrics for evaluating games. In Game analytics, 585–619. London: Springer.
Nanay, B. 2010. Action-oriented perception. European Journal of Philosophy 20 (3): 430–446.
Nudds, M. 2004. The significance of the senses. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 104 (1): 31–51.
Nunez, D. 2007. A capacity limited, cognitive constructionist model of virtual presence. Unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
O’Regan, K.J., and A. Noë. 2001. A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24: 939–973 discussion 973-1031.
Ozok, A.A., and A. Komlodi. 2009. Better in 3D? An empirical investigation of user satisfaction and preferences concerning two-dimensional and three-dimensional product representations in business-to-consumer e-commerce. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 25 (4): 243–281.
Putnam, H. 1994. Sense, nonsense and the senses: An inquiry into the powers of the human mind. The Journal of Philosophy 91 (9): 445–517.
Relph, E. 1976. Place and placelessnes. London: Pion.
———. 2007. Spirit of place and sense of place in virtual realities. Techne. Research in Philosophy and Technology. Special Issue: Real and Virtual Places 10 (3): 17–24.
Richter, T., S. Schroeder, and B. Wöhrmann. 2009. You don’t have to believe everything you read: Background knowledge permits fast and efficient validation of information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (3): 538–558.
Robinson, M. 2012. Introducing Quantic Dream’s Kara. In Eurogamer.net, March 7, 2012. Available at: www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-03-07-introducing-quantic-dreams-kara
Sadowski, W. 1999. Special report: Utilization of olfactory stimulation in virtual environments. VR News 8 (4): 18–21.
Schilder, P. 1935. The image and appearance of the human body. London/New York: International University Press.
Schubert, T. 2002. Five theses on the book problem: Presence in books, film, and VR. In 5th annual international workshop presence 2002, ed. F. Gouveia, 53–58. Porto: Universidare Fernando Pessoa.
Schubert, T., F. Friedmann, and H. Regenbrecht. 2001. The experience of presence: Factor analytic insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 10: 266–281.
Schwartz, L. 2006. Fantasy, realism, and the other in recent video games. Space and Culture 9 (3): 313–325.
Sheridan, T.B. 1992. Musings on telepresence and virtual presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 1 (1): 120–125.
Slater, M. 1999. Measuring presence: A response to the Witmer and Singer Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8 (5): 560–565.
Slater, M. 2009. Place illusion and plausibility can lead to realistic behaviour in immersive virtual environments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B, 364: 3549–3557.
Slater, M., M. Usoh, and A. Steed. 1994. Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence 3 (2): 130–144.
Slater, M., B. Lotto, M.M. Arnold, and M.V. Sanchez-Vives. 2009. How we experience immersive virtual environments: The concept of presence and its measurement. Anuario de Psicología 40: 193–210.
Spinoza, B. 1982. The Ethics and Selected Letters. Ed. S. Feldman, and Trans. S. Shirley. Indianapolis: Hackett. (Original work published 1677). Translated from the Latin by R.H.M. Elwes (1883), MTSU philosophy WebWorks Hypertext Edition 1997.
Stanovich, K.E. 1999. Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Stanovich, K.E., and R.F. West. 2000. Advancing the rationality debate. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (05): 701–717.
Steuer, J. 1992. Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication 42 (4): 73–92.
Street, C.N., and D.C. Richardson. 2015. Descartes versus Spinoza: Truth, uncertainty, and bias. Social Cognition 33: 1–12.
Tripathi, A.K. 2005. Computers and the embodied nature of communication: Merleau-Ponty’s new ontology of embodiment. ACM Ubiquity 6 (44): 1–17.
Turing, A.M. 1950, October. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind 54 (236): 433–460.
Velmans, M. 2000. Understanding consciousness. London/Philadelphia: Routledge.
von Helmholtz, H. 1866. Concerning the perceptions in general. In Treatise on physiological optics, vol. III, 3rd ed. Trans. J.P.C. Southall 1925 Opt. Soc. Am. Section 26, New York: Dover, 1962.
Vorderer, P., W. Wirth, F. R. Gouveia, F. Biocca, T. Saari, et al. 2004. MEC Spatial Presence Questionnaire (MECSPQ). Report to the European Community, project presence: MEC (IST-2001-31661).
Waterworth, J.A., E.L. Waterworth, G. Riva, and F. Mantovani. 2015. Presence: Form, content and consciousness. In Immersed in media: Telepresence theory, Measurement & Technology, ed. M. Lombard, J. Freeman, W. IJsselsteijn, and R.J. Schaevitz, 35–58. Berlin: Springer.
Witmer, B.G., and M.J. Singer. 1998. Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7: 225–240.
Yoon, S., J. Laffey, and H. Oh. 2008. Understanding usability and user experience of web-based 3D graphics technology. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 24 (3): 288–306.
Zahorik, P., and R.L. Jenison. 1998. Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 7: 78–89.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tjostheim, I., Leister, W., Waterworth, J.A. (2019). Telepresence and the Role of the Senses. In: Berkich, D., d'Alfonso, M. (eds) On the Cognitive, Ethical, and Scientific Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence. Philosophical Studies Series, vol 134. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01800-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01800-9_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-01799-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-01800-9
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)