Abstract
Shrew-like creatures that lived around 150 million years ago are the ancestors of humans and mammals. According to the latter, aquatic worms that lived over 600 million years ago are the ancestors of all amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes. Furthermore, the bacteria-like organisms that lived over 3 billion years ago are the ‘parents’ of all living plants and animals. The theory of evolution suggests that creatures evolve and acquire anatomical features and behaviours over time in response to their environment, as a means of adaptation, through processes associated with the biological pathways of genetic change.
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- 1.
Ayala, F., and Cela-Conde, C. (2017), Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 2.
Ayala, F., and Cela-Conde, C. (2017), Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 3.
Venn, O., Turner, I., Mathieson, I., de Groot, N., Bontrop, R., and McVean, G. (2014), Strong male bias drives germline mutation in chimpanzees, Science, 344 (6189): 1272–1275.
- 4.
Takahata, N., Satta, Y., and Klein, J. (1995), Divergence Time and Population Size in the Lineage Leading to Modern Humans, Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 198–221.
- 5.
Ayala, F., and Cela-Conde, C. (2017), Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Khaitovich, P., Hellman, I., Enard, W., Nowick, K., Leinweber, M., Franz, H., Weiss, G., Lachmann, M., and Paabo, S. (2005), Parallel Patterns of Evolution in the Genomes and Transcriptomes of Humans and Chimpanzees’, Vol. 309, Science.
- 8.
Fleagle, J. (2013), Primate Adaptation & Evolution, Elsevier, London.
- 9.
Wrangham, R. (2010), Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Profile Books Ltd, London.
- 10.
Bunney, S. (1988), Will the real Homo Habilis stand up? New Scientist, No.1636.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Arsuaga, J., and Martinez, I. (1998), The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- 13.
Lewin, R. (2005), Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- 14.
Ibid.
- 15.
Lewin, R. (2005), Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- 16.
Wrangham, R. (2010), Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Profile Books Ltd., London.
- 17.
Sarmiento, E., Sawyer, G., and Milner, R. (2007), The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-Two Species of Extinct Humans, Yale University Press, London.
- 18.
Coolidge, F., and Wynn, T. (2018), The Rise of Homo Sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 19.
Ibid.
- 20.
Ibid.
- 21.
Coolidge, F., and Wynn, T. (2018), The Rise of Homo Sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Wynn, T., Overmann, K., and Coolidge, F. (2016), The False Dichotomy; A Refutation of the Neanderthal Indistinguishability Claim, Journal of Anthropological Sciences, Vol. 94, pp. 201–221.
- 25.
Coolidge, F., and Wynn, T. (2018), The Rise of Homo Sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking, Oxford University Press, New York.
- 26.
Lewin, R. (2005), Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
- 27.
Cartwright, J. (2016), Evolution and Human Behaviour; Darwinian Perspectives on the Human Condition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- 28.
Wells, S. (2017), The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
- 29.
Cartwright, J. (2016), Evolution and Human Behaviour; Darwinian Perspectives on the Human Condition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
- 30.
Tierney, J., de Menocal, P., and Zander, P. (2017), A Climatic Context for the out of Africa migration, Geology, 45, 11, pp. 1023–1026.
- 31.
Roberts, A. (2009), The Incredible Human Journey, Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
- 32.
Mann, C. (2011), The Birth of Religion, National Geographic Magazine, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text
- 33.
Debertolis, P., Gulla, D., and Savolainen, H. (2017), Archaeoacoustic Analysis in Enclosure D at Gobekli Tepe in South Anatolia, Turkey, History and Archaeology, The 5th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference.
- 34.
Collins, A. (2014), Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden, Bear & Company, Rochester, Vermont, USA.
- 35.
Vinter, J.C. (2011), Ancient Earth Mysteries, AEM Publishing.
- 36.
Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., Dietrich, L., Tvetmarken, C., Kinzel, M., Schlindwein, J., Sanmez, D., and Clare, L. (2017), Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 57–74.
- 37.
Ibid.
- 38.
Mann, C. (2011), The Birth of Religion, National Geographic Magazine, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text
- 39.
Vinter, J.C. (2011), Ancient Earth Mysteries, AEM Publishing.
- 40.
Mann, C. (2011), The Birth of Religion, National Geographic Magazine, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text
- 41.
Scranton, L. (2014), China’s Cosmological Prehistory: The Sophisticated Science Encoded in Civilisation’s Earliest Symbols, Simon & Schuster.
- 42.
Ibid.
- 43.
Schmidt, K. (2010), Gobekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries: New results of ongoing excavations with a special focus on sculptures and high reliefs, Docomenta Praehistorica, Ljubljana, Vol. 37, pp. 239–256.
- 44.
Scranton, L. (2014), China’s Cosmological Prehistory: The Sophisticated Science Encoded in Civilisation’s Earliest Symbols, Simon & Schuster.
- 45.
Simmons, A. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East; Transforming the Human Landscape, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
- 46.
Mann, C. (2011), The Birth of Religion, National Geographic Magazine, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text
- 47.
Gresky, J., Haelm, J., and Clare, L. (2017), Modified human crania from Gobekli Tepe provide evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult, Science Advances, Vol. 3, No. 6.
- 48.
Ibid.
- 49.
Debertolis, P., Gulla, D., and Savolainen, H. (2017), Archaeoacoustic Analysis in Enclosure D at Gobekli Tepe in South Anatolia, Turkey, History and Archaeology, The 5th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference.
- 50.
Ibid.
- 51.
Stanish, C. (2017), The Evolution of Human Co-operation: Ritual and Social Complexity in Stateless Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 52.
Debertolis, P., Gulla, D., and Savolainen, H. (2017), Archaeoacoustic Analysis in Enclosure D at Gobekli Tepe in South Anatolia, Turkey, History and Archaeology, The 5th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference.
- 53.
Notroff, J., Dietrich, O., Dietrich, L., Tvetmarken, C., Kinzel, M., Schlindwein, J., Sanmez, D., and Clare, L. (2017), Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 57–74.
- 54.
Constable, N. (2009), World Atlas of Archaeology, Thalamus Publishing.
- 55.
Dietrich O., Notroff J., Schmidt K. (2017), Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: A View from Gobekli Tepe. In: Chacon R., Mendoza R. (eds) Feast, Famine or Fighting?, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, Vol. 8. Springer, Cham.
- 56.
Ibid.
- 57.
Simmons, A. (2007), The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East; Transforming the Human Landscape, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
- 58.
Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. (2009), Agricultural and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Improving Nutrition and Preventing Micronutrient Malnutrition Globally, in ‘Impacts of Agriculture on Human Health and Nutrition – Volume 1’, Cakmak, I., and Welch, R. (Eds), Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd., United Kingdom.
- 59.
Mann, C. (2011), The Birth of Religion, National Geographic Magazine, http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/print/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text
- 60.
Nemet-Nejat, K. (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood Press, London.
- 61.
Hunter, N. (2015), Daily Life in Ancient Sumer, Heinemann-Raintree, Chicago.
- 62.
Nemet-Nejat, K. (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood Press, London.
- 63.
Ibid.
- 64.
Ibid.
- 65.
Ibid.
- 66.
Ibid.
- 67.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
- 68.
Ibid.
- 69.
Kramer, S. (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, The University of Chicago Press, London.
- 70.
Ibid.
- 71.
Crawford, H. (1991), Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 72.
Parpola, A. (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilisation, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: August 2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190226909.001.0001
- 73.
Ibid.
- 74.
Hunter, N. (2015), Daily Life in Ancient Sumer, Heinemann-Raintree, Chicago.
- 75.
Nemet-Nejat, K. (1998), Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Greenwood Press, London.
- 76.
Ibid.
- 77.
Ibid.
- 78.
Ibid.
- 79.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
- 80.
Saggs, H. (2000), Peoples of the Past: Babylonians, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
- 81.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
- 82.
Ibid.
- 83.
McNeil, D. (1967), The Code of Hammurabi, 53 A.B.A. J. 444.
- 84.
Ibid.
- 85.
Bertman, S. (2003), Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 86.
Ibid.
- 87.
Ibid.
- 88.
Wilkinson, T. (2010), The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra, Bloomsbury, London.
- 89.
Ibid.
- 90.
Barker, H. (2004), Iceni, Bladud Books, Bath, United Kingdom.
- 91.
Hendrickx, S., and Vermeersch, P. (2000), Pre-history: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian Culture (700,000 to 4000 BC, IN: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Shaw, I. (Ed), Oxford University Press, New York.
- 92.
Ibid.
- 93.
Ibid.
- 94.
Hendrickx, S., and Vermeersch, P. (2000), Pre-history: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian Culture (700,000 to 4000 BC, IN: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Shaw, I. (Ed), Oxford University Press, New York.
- 95.
Ibid.
- 96.
Deady, K. (2012), Great Civilisations, Ancient Egypt, Beyond Pyramids, Capstone Press, Minnesota.
- 97.
Ibid.
- 98.
Ibid.
- 99.
Midant-Reynes, B. (2000), Pre-history: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian Culture (700,000 to 4000 BC: In The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Shaw, I. (Ed), Oxford University Press, New York.
- 100.
Deady, K. (2012), Great Civilisations, Ancient Egypt, Beyond Pyramids, Capstone Press, Minnesota.
- 101.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring No More, a Trade-Savvy Indus Emerges, Science, Vol. 320, No. 5881, pp. 1276–1281.
- 102.
Shaw, I. (2012), Ancient Egyptian Technology & Innovation, Transformations in Pharaonic Material Culture, Bloomsbury, London.
- 103.
Ibid.
- 104.
Ibid.
- 105.
Ibid.
- 106.
De Mieroop, M. (2011), A History of Ancient Egypt, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom.
- 107.
Ibid.
- 108.
Shaw, I. (2012), Ancient Egyptian Technology & Innovation, Transformations in Pharaonic Material Culture, Bloomsbury, London.
- 109.
Wilkinson, T. (2010), The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra, Bloomsbury, London.
- 110.
Dumper, M., and Stanley, B. (2007), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California.
- 111.
Ibid.
- 112.
De Mieroop, M. (2011), A History of Ancient Egypt, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom.
- 113.
Wilkinson, T. (2010), The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra, Bloomsbury, London.
- 114.
Ibid.
- 115.
Ibid.
- 116.
Deady, K. (2012), Great Civilisations, Ancient Egypt, Beyond Pyramids, Capstone Press, Minnesota.
- 117.
Shaw, I. (2012), Ancient Egyptian Technology & Innovation, Transformations in Pharaonic Material Culture, Bloomsbury, London.
- 118.
Ibid.
- 119.
Glotz, G. (1998), The Aegean Civilisation, Routledge.
- 120.
Van Andel, T., and Runnels, C. (1988), An essay on the ‘emergence of civilisation’ in Greece and the Aegean, Antiquity 62: 234–47.
- 121.
Ibid.
- 122.
Knappett, CJ. (1999), Tradition and Innovation in Pottery Forming Technology: Wheel-Throwing at Middle Minoan Knossos, BSA 94: 101–29.
- 123.
Ibid.
- 124.
Feuer, B. (1983), The northern Mycenaean border in Thessaly, British Archaeological Reports. International Series 176.
- 125.
Tomkins, P. (2010), Neolithic Antecedents, IN: The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age (ca. 3000–1000 BC), Cline, E.(Ed), Oxford University Press, New York.
- 126.
Tsountas, K. (1908). Ai Proistorikai Acropolis Diminiou Kai Sesklo, Athens: Athens, Archaeological Society.
- 127.
Halstead, P. (1993), Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: specialised manufacture or unequal accumulation? Antiquity 67, 603–9
- 128.
Fried, M.H. (1967), The evolution of political society, New York (NY): Random House.
- 129.
Isaakidou, V., and Tomkins, P. (2008), Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context, Oxbow Books.
- 130.
Ibid.
- 131.
Higgs, E., and Jarman, M. (1969), The Origins of Agriculture: A Reconsideration, Antiquity XLIII.
- 132.
Sherratt, A. G. (1981), Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution. IN Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke (eds I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- 133.
Halstead, P. (1981), Counting sheep in Neolithic and bronze age Greece. IN Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke (eds I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307–337.
- 134.
Higgs, E., and Jarman, M. (1969), The Origins of Agriculture: A Reconsideration, Antiquity XLIII.
- 135.
Runnels, C., and Murray, P. (2001), Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
- 136.
Hagg, R. (1998), Ancient Greek cult practice from the archaeological evidence: Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organized by the … Sueciae, series in 8) (Swedish Edition), Svenska Institutet i Athen.
- 137.
Runnels, C., and Murray, P. (2001), Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
- 138.
Scarre, C., and Stefoff, R. (2003), The Palace of Minos at Knossos, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 139.
Ibid.
- 140.
Ferrara, S. (2015), The beginnings of Writing on Crete: Theory and Context, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 110 (1), pp. 27–49.
- 141.
Oliver, J. (1986), Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium BC, World Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3, Early Writing Systems, pp. 377–389.
- 142.
Yule, P. (1980), Early Cretan Seals: A Study of Chronology, Philipp von Zabern Verlag, Mainz.
- 143.
Oliver, J. (1986), Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium BC, World Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3, Early Writing Systems, pp. 377–389.
- 144.
Ibid.
- 145.
Ibid.
- 146.
Ibid.
- 147.
Ibid.
- 148.
Ibid.
- 149.
Ibid.
- 150.
Oliver, J. (1986), Cretan Writing in the Second Millennium BC, World Archaeology, Vol. 17, No. 3, Early Writing Systems, pp. 377–389.
- 151.
Scarre, C., and Stefoff, R. (2003), The Palace of Minos at Knossos, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- 152.
Sen, S. (1988), Ancient Indian History and Civilisation, New age International, New Delhi.
- 153.
Ibid.
- 154.
Dick, R. (2006), The Indus Valley Civilisation, Evan Brothers Limited, London.
- 155.
Ibid.
- 156.
Sen, B. (2011), Smart Green Civilisations: Indus Valley: Green Lessons from The Past, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
- 157.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
- 158.
Ibid.
- 159.
Sen, S. (1988), Ancient Indian History and Civilisation, New age International, New Delhi.
- 160.
Ibid.
- 161.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
- 162.
Sankhyan, A., and Rao, V. (2007), Human Origins, Genome and People of India; Genomic, Palaeontological & Archaeological Evidences, Allied Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi.
- 163.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
- 164.
Ibid.
- 165.
Possehl, G. (2002), The Indus Civilisation: A Contemporary Perspective, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., London.
- 166.
Ibid.
- 167.
Ibid.
- 168.
Ibid.
- 169.
Ibid.
- 170.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
- 171.
Ibid.
- 172.
Ibid.
- 173.
Ibid.
- 174.
Ibid.
- 175.
Ibid.
- 176.
Ibid.
- 177.
Ibid.
- 178.
Robinson, A. (2015), The Indus: Lost Civilisations, Reaktion Books, London.
- 179.
Sen, B. (2011), Smart Green Civilisations: Indus Valley: Green Lessons from The Past, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi.
- 180.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring no more, a Trade Savvy Indus Emerges, Vol. 320, Science.
- 181.
Ibid.
- 182.
Agrawal, D. (2007), The Indus Civilisation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Aryan Books International.
- 183.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
- 184.
Ibid.
- 185.
Ibid.
- 186.
Ibid.
- 187.
Ibid.
- 188.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
- 189.
Ibid.
- 190.
Perkins, D. (1999), Encyclopaedia of China: History and Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, New York, USA.
- 191.
Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
- 192.
Li, X., G. Harbottle, J. Zhang, and C. Wang. (2003), The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China. Antiquity 77 (295): 31–44.
- 193.
Moore, O. (2000), Reading the Past: Chinese, University of California Press, Los Angeles.
- 194.
Ibid.
- 195.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
- 196.
Ibid. Tanner, H. (2010), China – A History – Volume 1 – From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, Hackett Publishing Company Inc., Indiana, USA.
- 197.
Perkins, D. (1999), Encyclopaedia of China: History and Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, New York, USA.
- 198.
Yinke, D. (2010), Ancient Chinese Civilisations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 199.
The Editorial Committee of Chinese Civilisation. (2007), China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilisation, City University of Hong Kong.
- 200.
Ibid.
- 201.
Ibid.
- 202.
Ibid.
- 203.
Yinke, D. (2010), Ancient Chinese Civilisations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
- 204.
Ibid.
- 205.
Ibid.
- 206.
Liu, Li. (2004), The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
- 207.
Ibid.
- 208.
Ibid.
- 209.
Dematte, P. (1999), Longshan-Era Urbanism: The Role of Cities in Predynastic China, Asian Perspectives, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 119–153.
- 210.
Ibid.
- 211.
Ibid.
References
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Arsuaga, J., and Martinez, I. (1998), The Chosen Species: The Long March of Human Evolution, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Ayala, F., and Cela-Conde, C. (2017), Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans, Oxford University Press, New York.
Barker, H. (2004), Iceni, Bladud Books, Bath, United Kingdom.
Bertman, S. (2003), Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Bunney, S. (1988), Will the real Homo Habilis stand up? New Scientist, No.1636.
Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. (2009), Agricultural and Molecular Genetic Approaches to Improving Nutrition and Preventing Micronutrient Malnutrition Globally, in ‘Impacts of Agriculture on Human Health and Nutrition – Volume 1,’ Cakmak, I., and Welch, R. (Eds), Eolss Publishers Co. Ltd, United Kingdom.
Cartwright, J. (2016), Evolution and Human Behaviour; Darwinian Perspectives on the Human Condition, Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Collins, A. (2014), Gobekli Tepe: Genesis of the Gods: The temple of the Watchers and the Discovery of Eden, Bear & Company, Rochester, Vermont, USA.
Constable, N. (2009), World Atlas of Archaeology, Thalamus Publishing.
Coolidge, F., and Wynn, T. (2018), The Rise of Homo Sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking, Oxford University Press, New York.
Crawford, H. (1991), Sumer and the Sumerians, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
De Mieroop, M. (2011), A History of Ancient Egypt, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, United Kingdom.
Deady, K. (2012), Great Civilisations, Ancient Egypt, Beyond Pyramids, Capstone Press, Minnesota.
Debertolis, P., Gulla, D., and Savolainen, H. (2017), Archaeoacoustic Analysis in Enclosure D at Gobekli Tepe in South Anatolia, Turkey, History and Archaeology, The 5th Human and Social Sciences at the Common Conference.
Dick, R. (2006), The Indus Valley Civilisation, Evan Brothers Limited, London.
Dietrich O., Notroff J., Schmidt K. (2017), Feasting, Social Complexity, and the Emergence of the Early Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia: A View from Gobekli Tepe. In: Chacon R., Mendoza R. (eds) Feast, Famine or Fighting?, Studies in Human Ecology and Adaptation, Vol 8. Springer, Cham.
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. (2007), World History, Thomson-Wadsworth.
Dumper, M., and Stanley, B. (2007), Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ABC-CLIO Inc, Santa Barbara, California.
Ferrara, S. (2015), The beginnings of Writing on Crete: Theory and Context, The Annual of the British School at Athens, 110 (1), pp. 27–49.
Feuer, B. (1983), The northern Mycenaean border in Thessaly, British Archaeological Reports. International Series 176.
Fleagle, J. (2013), Primate Adaptation & Evolution, Elsevier, London.
Fried, M.H. (1967), The evolution of political society, New York (NY): Random House.
Glotz, G. (1998), The Aegean Civilisation, Routledge.
Gresky, J., Haelm, J., and Clare, L. (2017), Modified human crania from Gobekli Tepe provide evidence for a new form of Neolithic skull cult, Science Advances, Vol. 3, No.6.
Hagg, R. (1998), Ancient Greek cult practice from the archaeological evidence: Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organised by the (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, series 8) (Swedish Edition), Svenska Institutet i Athen.
Halstead, P. (1981), Counting sheep in Neolithic and bronze age Greece. IN Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke (eds I. Hodder, G. Isaac and N. Hammond). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307–339.
Halstead, P. (1993), Spondylus shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: specialised manufacture or unequal accumulation? Antiquity 67, 603–9.
Hendrickx, S., and Vermeersch, P. (2000), Pre-history: From the Palaeolithic to the Badarian Culture (700,000 to 4000 BC, IN: The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Shaw, I. (Ed), Oxford University Press, New York.
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Hunter, N. (2015), Daily Life in Ancient Sumer, Heinemann-Raintree, Chicago.
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Knappett, CJ. (1999), Tradition and Innovation in Pottery Forming Technology: Wheel-Throwing at Middle Minoan Knossos, BSA 94:101–29.
Kramer, S. (1963), The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, The University of Chicago Press, London.
Lawler, A. (2008), Boring No More, a Trade-Savvy Indus Emerges, Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5881, pp. 1276–1281.
Lewin, R. (2005), Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
Li, X., G. Harbottle, J. Zhang, and C. Wang. (2003), The earliest writing? Sign use in the seventh millennium BC at Jiahu, Henan Province, China. Antiquity 77 (295): 31–44.
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Ramesh, S. (2018). Pre-History: Emergence and Palaeolithic to Bronze Age—10,000 BC to 800 BC. In: The Rise of Empires. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01608-1_3
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