Abstract
Chemokines are chemoattractant cytokines that stimulate directional migration of inflammatory cell in vitro and in vivo. Because of this, chemokines can be included into a large group of cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes. All chemokines were identified within the last 20 yr and our knowledge about their roles in biology is rapidly growing. At present, an enormous amount of literature about chemokines and chemokine receptors is published each year.
Chapter PDF
References
Rossi, D. and Zlotnik, A. (2000) The biology of chemokines and their receptors. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 18, 217–242.
Lukacs, N. W., Hogaboam, C., Campbell, E., and Kunkel, S. L. (1999) Chemokines: function, regulation and alteration of inflammatory responses. Chem. Immunol. 72, 102–120.
Kelvin, D. J., Michiel, D. F., Johnston, J. A., Lloyd, A. R., Sprenger, H., Oppenheim, J. J., et al. (1993) Chemokines and serpentines: the molecular biology of chemokine receptors. J. Leukocyte Biol. 54, 604–612.
Premack, B. A. and Schall, T. J. (1996) Chemokine receptors: gateways to inflammation and infection. Nat. Med. 2, 1174–1178.
Murphy, P. M., Baggiolini, M., Charo, I. F., Hebert, C. A., Horuk, R., Matsushima, K., et al. (2000) International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol. Rev. 52, 145–176.
Lalani, A. S., Barrett, J. W., and McFadden, G. (2000) Modulating chemokines: more lessons from viruses. Immunol. Today 21, 100–106.
Alkhatib, G., Combadiere, C., Broder, C. C., Feng, Y., Kennedy, P. E., Murphy, P. M., et al. (1996) CC CKR5: a RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-lbeta receptor as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic HIV-1. Science 272, 1955–1958.
Sallusto, F., Lanzavecchia, A., and Mackay, C. R. (1998) Chemokines and chemokine receptors in T-cell priming and Thl/Th2-mediated responses. Immunol. Today 19, 568–574.
Laudanna, C., Campbell, J. J., and Butcher, E. C. (1996) Role of Rho in chemoattractantactivated leukocyte adhesion through integrins. Science 271, 981–983.
Glabinski, A. R. and Ransohoff, R. M. (1999) Sentries at the gate: chemokines and the blood-brain barrier. J. Neurovirol. 5, 623–634.
Wekerle, H., Engelhardt, B., Risau, W., and Meyermann, R. (1991) Interaction of T lymphocytes with cerebral endothelial cells in vitro. Brain Pathol. 1, 107–114.
Hickey, W. F. (1991) Migration of hematogenous cells through the blood-brain barrier and the initiation of CNS inflammation. Brain Pathol. 1, 97–105.
Glabinski, A. R., Tani, M., Tuohy, V. K., Tuthill, R. J., and Ransohoff, R. M. (1995) Central nervous system chemokine mRNA accumulation follows initial leukocyte entry at the onset of acute murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behay. Immun. 9, 315–330.
Yoshimura, T., Robinson, E. A., Tanaka, S., Appella, E., Kuratsu, J., and Leonard, E. J. (1989) Purification and amino acid analysis of two human glioma-derived monocyte chemoattractants. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1449–1459.
Morita, M., Kasahara, T., Mukaida, N., Matsushima, K., Nagashima, T., Nishizawa, M., et al. (1993) Induction and regulation of IL-8 and MCAF production in human brain tumor cell lines and brain tumor tissues. Eur. Cytokine Network 4, 351–358.
Hurwitz, A. A., Lyman, W. D., and Berman, J. W. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta upregulate astrocyte expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. J. Neuroimmunol. 57, 193–198.
Zhou, Z. H., Chaturvedi, P., Han, Y. L., Aras, S., Li, Y. S., Kolattukudy, P. E., et al. (1998) IFN-gamma induction of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein (hMCP)-1 gene in astrocytoma cells: functional interaction between an IFN-gamma-activated site and a GC-rich element. J. Immunol. 160, 3908–3916.
Barna, B. P., Pettay, J., Barnett, G. H., Zhou, P., Iwasaki, K., and Estes, M. L. (1994) Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in adult human non-neoplastic astrocytes is sensitive to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or antibody to the 55-kDa TNF receptor. J. Neuroimmunol. 50, 101–107.
Majumder, S., Zhou, L. Z., and Ransohoff, R. M. (1996) Transcriptional regulation of chemokine gene expression in astrocytes. J. Neurosci. Res. 45, 758–769.
Peterson, P. K., Hu, S., Salak-Johnson, J., Molitor, T. W., and Chao, C. C. (1997) Differential production of and migratory response to beta chemokines by human microglia and astrocytes. J. Infect. Dis. 175, 478–481.
Fisher, S. N., Vanguri, P., Shin, H. S., and Shin, M. L. (1995) Regulatory mechanisms of MuRantes and CRG-2 chemokine gene induction in central nervous system glial cells by virus. Brain Behay. Immun. 9, 331–344.
Kutsch, O., Oh, J., Nath, A., and Benveniste, E. N. (2000) Induction of the chemokines interleukin-8 and IP-10 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tat in astrocytes. J. Virol. 74, 9214–9221.
Edwards, J. A., Denis, F., and Talbot, P. J. (2000) Activation of glial cells by human corona-virus 0C43 infection. J. Neuroimmunol. 108, 73–81.
Calvo, C. F., Yoshimura, T., Gelman, M., and Mallat, M. (1996) Production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by rat brain macrophages. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 1725–1734.
McManus, C. M., Brosnan, C. F., and Berman, J. W. (1998) Cytokine induction of MIP1 alpha and MIP-1 beta in human fetal microglia. J. Immunol. 160, 1449–1455.
Ehrlich, L. C., Hu, S., Sheng, W. S., Sutton, R. L., Rockswold, G. L., Peterson, P. K., et al. (1998) Cytokine regulation of human microglial cell IL-8 production. J. Immunol. 160, 1944–1948.
Kitai, R., Zhao, M., Zhang, N., Hua, L. L., and Lee, S. C. (2000) Role of MIP-lbeta and RANTES in HIV-1 infection of microglia: inhibition of infection and induction by IFNbeta. J. Neuroimmunol. 110, 230–239.
Sopper, S., Demuth, M., Stahl-Hennig, C., Hunsmann, G., Plesker, R., Coulibaly, C., et al. (1996) The effect of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in vitro and in vivo on the cytokine production of isolated microglia and peripheral macrophages from rhesus monkey. Virology 220, 320–329.
Lipovsky, M. M., Gekker, G., Hu, S., Ehrlich, L. C., Hoepelman, A. I., and Peterson, P. K. (1998) Cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan induces interleukin (IL)-8 production by human microglia but inhibits neutrophil migration toward IL-8. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 260–263.
Zach, O., Bauer, H. C., Richter, K., Webersinke, G., Tontsch, S., and Bauer, H. (1997) Expression of a chemotactic cytokine (MCP-1) in cerebral capillary endothelial cells in vitro. Endothelium 5, 143–153.
Zhang, W., Smith, C., Howlett, C., and Stanimirovic, D. (2000) Inflammatory activation of human brain endothelial cells by hypoxic astrocytes in vitro is mediated by IL-lbeta. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20, 967–978.
Otto, V. I., Heinzel-Pleines, U. E., Gloor, S. M., Trentz, O., Kossmann, T., and MorgantiKossmann, M. C. (2000) sICAM-1 and TNF-alpha induce MIP-2 with distinct kinetics in astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 60, 733–742.
Bourdoulous, S., Bensaid, A., Martinez, D., Sheikboudou, C., Trap, I., Strosberg, A. D., et al. (1995) Infection of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells with Cowdria ruminantium elicits IL-1 beta, -6, and -8 mRNA production and expression of an unusual MHC class II DQ alpha transcript. J. Immunol. 154, 4032–4038.
Lokensgard, J. R., Gekker, G., Ehrlich, L. C., Hu, S., Chao, C. C., and Peterson, P. K. (1997) Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit HIV-1 (SF162) expression in acutely infected human brain cell cultures. J. Immunol. 158, 2449–2455.
Heesen, M., Tanabe, S., Berman, M. A., Yoshizawa, I., Luo, Y., Kim, R. J., et al. (1996) Mouse astrocytes respond to the chemokines MCP-1 and KC, but reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction does not detect mRNA for the KC or new MCP-1 receptor. J. Neurosci. Res. 45, 382–391.
Tanabe, S., Heesen, M., Berman, M. A., Fischer, M. B., Yoshizawa, I., Luo, Y., et al. (1997) Murine astrocytes express a functional chemokine receptor. J. Neurosci. 17, 6522–6528.
Dorf, M. E., Berman, M. A., Tanabe, S., Heesen, M., and Luo, Y. (2000) Astrocytes express functional chemokine receptors. J. Neuroimmunol. 111, 109–121.
Han, Y., Wang, J., Zhou, Z., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2000) TGFbetal selectively up-regulates CCR1 expression in primary murine astrocytes. Glia 30, 1–10.
Han, Y., Wang, J., He, T., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2001) TNF-alpha down-regulates CXCR4 expression in primary murine astrocytes. Brain Res. 888, 1–10.
He, J., Chen, Y., Farzan, M., Choe, H., Ohagen, A., Gartner, S., et al. (1997) CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia. Nature 385, 645–649.
Jiang, Y., Salafranca, M. N., Adhikari, S., Xia, Y., Feng, L., Sonntag, M. K., et al. (1998) Chemokine receptor expression in cultured glia and rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 86, 1–12.
Hesselgesser, J., Halks-Miller, M., DelVecchio, V., Peiper, S. C., Hoxie, J., Kolson, D. L., et al. (1997) CD4-independent association between HIV-1 gp120 and CXCR4: functional chemokine receptors are expressed in human neurons. Curr. Biol. 7, 112–121.
Coughlan, C. M., McManus, C. M., Sharron, M., Gao, Z., Murphy, D., Jaffer, S., et al. (2000) Expression of multiple functional chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human neurons. Neuroscience 97, 591–600.
Fuentes, M. E., Durham, S. K., Swerdel, M. R., Lewin, A. C., Barton, D. S., Megill, J. R., et al. (1995) Controlled recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to specific organs through transgenic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. J. Immunol. 155, 5769–5776.
Tani, M., Fuentes, M. E., Peterson, J. W., Trapp, B. D., Durham, S. K., Loy, J. K., et al. (1996) Neutrophil infiltration, glial reaction, and neurological disease in transgenic mice expressing the chemokine N51/KC in oligodendrocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 529–539.
Saukkonen, K., Sande, S., Cioffe, C., Wolpe, S., Sherry, B., Cerami, A., et al. (1990) The role of cytokines in the generation of inflammation and tissue damage in experimental gram-positive meningitis. J. Exp. Med. 171, 439–448.
Seebach, J., Bartholdi, D., Frei, K., Spanaus, K. S., Ferrero, E., Widmer, U., et al. (1995) Experimental Listeria meningoencephalitis. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha and -2 are produced intrathecally and mediate chemotactic activity in cerebrospinal fluid of infected mice. J. Immunol. 155, 4367–4375.
Sprenger, H., Rosler, A., Tonn, P., Braune, H. J., Huffmann, G., and Gemsa, D. (1996) Chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with meningitis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 80, 155–161.
Lopez-Cortes, L. F., Cruz-Ruiz, M., Gomez-Mateos, J., Viciana-Fernandez, P., Martinez-Marcos, F. J., and Pachon, J. (1995) Interleukin-8 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: its possible role as neutrophil chemotactic factor. J. Infect. Dis. 172, 581–584.
Spanaus, K. S., Nadal, D., Pfister, H. W., Seebach, J., Widmer, U., Frei, K., et al. (1997) C-X-C and C-C chemokines are expressed in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis and mediate chemotactic activity on peripheral blood-derived polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in vitro. J. Immunol. 158, 1956–1964.
Kielian, T. and Hickey, W. F. (2000) Proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and cellular adhesion molecule expression during the acute phase of experimental brain abscess development. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 647–658.
Sasseville, V. G., Smith, M. M., Mackay, C. R., Pauley, D. R., Mansfield, K. G., Ringler, D. J., et al. (1996) Chemokine expression in simian immunodeficiency virus-induced AIDS encephalitis. Am. J. Pathol. 149, 1459–1467.
Asensio, V. C. and Campbell, I. L. (1997) Chemokine gene expression in the brains of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis. J. Virol. 71, 7832–7840.
Lane, T. E., Asensio, V. C., Yu, N., Paoletti, A. D., Campbell, I. L., and Buchmeier, M. J. (1998) Dynamic regulation of alpha-and beta-chemokine expression in the central nervous system during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J. Immunol. 160, 970–978.
Liu, M. T., Armstrong, D., Hamilton, T. A., and Lane, T. E. (2001) Expression of Mig (monokine induced by interferon-gamma) is important in T lymphocyte recruitment and host defense following viral infection of the central nervous system. J. Immunol. 166, 1790–1795.
Charles, P. C., Weber, K. S., Cipriani, B., and Brosnan, C. F. (1999) Cytokine, chemokine and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in different strains of normal mice: implications for establishment of a Thl/Th2 bias. J. Neuroimmunol. 100, 64–73.
Charles, P. C., Chen, X., Horwitz, M. S., and Brosnan, C. F. (1999) Differential chemokine induction by the mouse adenovirus type-1 in the central nervous system of susceptible and resistant strains of mice. J. Neurovirol. 5, 55–64.
Tipold, A., Moore, P., Zurbriggen, A., Burgener, I., Barben, G., and Vandevelde, M. (1999) Early T cell response in the central nervous system in canine distemper virus infection. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 97, 45–56.
Sauder, C., Hallensleben, W., Pagenstecher, A., Schneckenburger, S., Biro, L., Pertlik, D., et al. (2000) Chemokine gene expression in astrocytes of Borna disease virus-infected rats and mice in the absence of inflammation. J. Virol. 74, 9267–9280.
Murray, P. D., Krivacic, K., Chernosky, A., Wei, T., Ransohoff, R. M., and Rodriguez, M. (2000) Biphasic and regionally-restricted chemokine expression in the central nervous system in the Theiler’s virus model of multiple sclerosis. J. Neurovirol. 6 (Suppl. 1), S44 - S52.
Sanders, V. J., Pittman, C. A., White, M. G., Wang, G., Wiley, C. A., and Achim, C. L. (1998) Chemokines and receptors in HIV encephalitis. AIDS 12, 1021–1026.
Conant, K., Garzino-Demo, A., Nath, A., McArthur, J. C., Halliday, W., Power, C., et al. (1998) Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 3117–3121.
Umehara, F., Izumo, S., Takeya, M., Takahashi, K., Sato, E., and Osame, M. (1996) Expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 91, 343–350.
Biddison, W. E., Kubota, R., Kawanishi, T., Taub, D. D., Cruikshank, W. W., Center, D. M., et al. (1997) Human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-specific CD8+ CTL clones from patients with HTLV-I-associated neurologic disease secrete proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinase. J. Immunol. 159 2018–2025.
Huffnagle, G. B. and McNeil, L. K. (1999) Dissemination of C. neoformans to the central nervous system: role of chemokines, Thl immunity and leukocyte recruitment. J. Neurovirol. 5, 76–81.
Hulkower, K., Brosnan, C. F., Aquino, D. A., Cammer, W., Kulshrestha, S., Guida, M. P., et al. (1993) Expression of CSF-1, c-fms, and MCP-1 in the central nervous system of rats with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 150, 2525–2533.
Ransohoff, R. M., Hamilton, T. A., Tani, M., Stoler, M. H., Shick, H. E., Major, J. A., et al. (1993) Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP-10 and JE/MCP-1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FASEB J. 7, 592–600.
Godiska, R., Chantry, D., Dietsch, G. N., and Gray, P. W. (1995) Chemokine expression in murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J. Neuroimmunol. 58, 167–176.
Pan, Y., Lloyd, C., Zhou, H., Dolich, S., Deeds, J., Gonzalo, J. A., et al. (1997) Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 387, 611–617.
Sun, D., Tani, M., Newman, T. A., Krivacic, K., Phillips, M., Chernosky, A., et al. (2000) Role of chemokines, neuronal projections, and the blood-brain barrier in the enhancement of cerebral EAE following focal brain damage. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59, 1031–1043.
Glabinski, A. R., Tuohy, V. K., and Ransohoff, R. M. (1998) Expression of chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha and GRO-alpha correlates with inflammation in acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 5, 166–171.
Karpus, W. J., Lukacs, N. W., McRae, B. L., Strieter, R. M., Kunkel, S. L., and Miller, S. D. (1995) An important role for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Immunol. 155, 5003–5010.
Tran, E. H., Kuziel, W. A., and Owens, T. (2000) Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice deficient in either the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-lalpha or its CCR5 receptor. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1410–1415.
Nygardas, P. T., Maatta, J. A., and Hinkkanen, A. E. (2000) Chemokine expression by central nervous system resident cells and infiltrating neutrophils during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the BALB/c mouse. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1911–1918.
Glabinski, A. R., Tani, M., Strieter, R. M., Tuohy, V. K., and Ransohoff, R. M. (1997) Synchronous synthesis of alpha-and beta-chemokines by cells of diverse lineage in the central nervous system of mice with relapses of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 617–630.
Karpus, W. J. and Kennedy, K. J. (1997) MIP-lalpha and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Thl/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 62, 681–687.
Huang, D., Wang, J., Kivisakk, P., Rollins, B. J., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2001) Absence of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in mice leads to decreased local macrophage recruitment and antigen-specific T helper cell type 1 immune response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 193, 713–725.
Glabinski, A. R., Krakowski, M., Han, Y., Owens, T., and Ransohoff, R. M. (1999) Chemokine expression in GKO mice (lacking interferon-gamma) with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neurovirol. 5, 95–101.
Fischer, F. R., Santambrogio, L., Luo, Y., Berman, M. A., Hancock, W. W., and Dorf, M. E. (2000) Modulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: effect of altered peptide ligand on chemokine and chemokine receptor expression. J. Neuroimmunol. 110, 195–208.
Glabinski, A. R., O’Bryant, S., Selmaj, K., and Ransohoff, R. M. (2000) CXC chemokine receptor expression during chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 917, 135–144.
Serafini, B., Columba-Cabezas, S., Di Rosa, F., and Aloisi, F. (2000) Intracerebral recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells in the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Am. J. Pathol. 157, 1991–2002.
Fife, B. T., Huffnagle, G. B., Kuziel, W. A., and Karpus, W. J. (2000) CC chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Exp. Med. 192, 899–906.
Izikson, L., Klein, R. S., Charo, I. F., Weiner, H. L., and Luster, A. D. (2000) Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice lacking the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2. J. Exp. Med. 192, 1075–1080.
Hvas, J., McLean, C., Justesen, J., Kannourakis, G., Steinman, L., Oksenberg, J. R., et al. (1997) Perivascular T cells express the pro-inflammatory chemokine RANTES mRNA in multiple sclerosis lesions. Scand. J. Immunol. 46, 195–203.
Simpson, J. E., Newcombe, J., Cuzner, M. L., and Woodroofe, M. N. (1998) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions. J. Neuroimmunol. 84, 238–249.
McManus, C., Berman, J. W., Brett, F. M., Staunton, H., Farrell, M., and Brosnan, C. F. (1998) MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J. Neuroimmunol. 86, 20–29.
Sorensen, T. L., Tani, M., Jensen, J., Pierce, V., Lucchinetti, C., Folcik, V. A., et al. (1999) Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Clin. Invest. 103, 807–815.
Balashov, K. E., Rottman, J. B., Weiner, H. L., and Hancock, W. W. (1999) CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-lalpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 6873–6878.
Zang, Y. C., Samanta, A. K., Halder, J. B., Hong, J., Tejada-Simon, M. V., Rivera, V. M., et al. (2000) Aberrant T cell migration toward RANTES and MIP-1 alpha in patients with multiple sclerosis. Overexpression of chemokine receptor CCR5. Brain 123, 1874–1882.
Simpson, J. E., Newcombe, J., Cuzner, M. L., and Woodroofe, M. N. (2000) Expression of the interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines IP-10 and Mig and their receptor, CXCR3, in multiple sclerosis lesions. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 26, 133–142.
Iarlori, C., Reale, M., Lugaresi, A., De Luca, G., Bonanni, L., Di brio, A., et al. (2000) RANTES production and expression is reduced in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with interferon-beta-lb. J. Neuroimmunol. 107, 100–107.
Berman, J. W., Guida, M. P., Warren, J., Amat, J., and Brosnan, C. F. (1996) Localization of monocyte chemoattractant peptide-1 expression in the central nervous system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and trauma in the rat. J. Immunol. 156, 3017–3023.
Glabinski, A. R., Balasingam, V., Tani, M., Kunkel, S. L., Strieter, R. M., Yong, V. W., et al. (1996) Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is expressed by astrocytes after mechanical injury to the brain. J. Immunol. 156, 4363–4368.
Ghirnikar, R. S., Lee, Y. L., He, T. R., and Eng, L. F. (1996) Chemokine expression in rat stab wound brain injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 727–733.
Hausmann, E. H., Berman, N. E., Wang, Y. Y., Meara, J. B., Wood, G. W., and Klein, R. M. (1998) Selective chemokine mRNA expression following brain injury. Brain Res. 788, 49–59.
Ghirnikar, R. S., Lee, Y. L., Li, J. D., and Eng, L. F. (1998) Chemokine inhibition in rat stab wound brain injury using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Neurosci. Lett. 247, 21–24.
Bartholdi, D. and Schwab, M. E. (1997) Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA upon experimental spinal cord injury in mouse: an in situ hybridization study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1422–1438.
McTigue, D. M., Tani, M., Krivacic, K., Chernosky, A., Keiner, G. S., Maciejewski, D., et al. (1998) Selective chemokine mRNA accumulation in the rat spinal cord after contusion injury. J. Neurosci. Res. 53, 368–376.
Grzybicki, D., Moore, S. A., Schelper, R., Glabinski, A. R., Ransohoff, R. M., and Murphy, S. (1998) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and nitric oxide synthase-2 following cerebral trauma. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 95, 98–103.
Mehta, P. S., Bruccoleri, A., Brown, H. W., and Harry, G. J. (1998) Increase in brain stem cytokine mRNA levels as an early response to chemical-induced myelin edema. J. Neuroimmunol. 88, 154–164.
Galasso, J. M., Liu, Y., Szaflarski, J., Warren, J. S., and Silverstein, F. S. (2000) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is a mediator of acute excitotoxic injury in neonatal rat brain. Neuroscience 101, 737–744.
Kossmann, T., Stahel, P. F., Lenzlinger, P. M., Redl, H., Dubs, R. W., Trentz, O., et al. (1997) Interleukin-8 released into the cerebrospinal fluid after brain injury is associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction and nerve growth factor production. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 280–289.
Kim, J. S. (1996) Cytokines and adhesion molecules in stroke and related diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 137, 69–78.
Wang, X., Yue, T. L., Barone, F. C., and Feuerstein, G. Z. (1995) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 messenger RNA expression in rat ischemic cortex. Stroke 26, 661665; discussion 665–666.
Gourmala, N. G., Buttini, M., Limonta, S., Sauter, A., and Boddeke, H. W. (1997) Differential and time-dependent expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA by astrocytes and macrophages in rat brain: effects of ischemia and peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration. J. Neuroimmunol. 74, 35–44.
Takami, S., Nishikawa, H., Minami, M., Nishiyori, A., Sato, M., Akaike, A., et al. (1997) Induction of macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-lalpha mRNA on glial cells after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 227, 173–176.
Liu, T., Young, P. R., McDonnell, P. C., White, R. F., Barone, F. C., and Feuerstein, G. Z. (1993) Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expressed in cerebral ischemia. Neurosci. Lett. 164, 125–128.
Wang, X., Li, X., Schmidt, D. B., Foley, J. J., Barone, F. C., Ames, R. S., et al. (2000) Identification and molecular characterization of rat CXCR3: receptor expression and interferon-inducible protein-10 binding are increased in focal stroke. Mol. Pharmacol. 57, 1190–1198.
Ivacko, J., Szaflarski, J., Malinak, C., Flory, C., Warren, J. S., and Silverstein, F. S. (1997) Hypoxic—ischemic injury induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in neonatal rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 759–770.
Matsumoto, T., Yokoi, K., Mukaida, N., Harada, A., Yamashita, J., Watanabe, Y., et al. (1997) Pivotal role of interleukin-8 in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and cerebral reperfusion injury. J. Leukocyte Biol. 62, 581–587.
Yoshimoto, T., Houkin, K., Tada, M., and Abe, H. (1997) Induction of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecule mRNA in a rat forebrain reperfusion model. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.) 93, 154–158.
Gaetani, P., Tartara, F., Pignatti, P., Tancioni, F., Rodriguez y Baena, R., and De Benedetti, F. (1998) Cisternal CSF levels of cytokines after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol. Res. 20, 337–342.
Xia, M., Qin, S., McNamara, M., Mackay, C., and Hyman, B. T. (1997) Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer’ s disease. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 1267–1274.
Horuk, R., Martin, A. W., Wang, Z., Schweitzer, L., Gerassimides, A., Guo, H., et al. (1997) Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system. J. Immunol. 158, 2882–2890.
Xia, M. Q., Qin, S. X., Wu, L. J., Mackay, C. R., and Hyman, B. T. (1998) Immunohistochemical study of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 and their ligands in normal and Alzheimer’s disease brains. Am. J. Pathol. 153, 31–37.
Xia, M. Q., Bacskai, B. J., Knowles, R. B., Qin, S. X., and Hyman, B. T. (2000) Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on neurons and the elevated expression of its ligand IP-10 in reactive astrocytes: in vitro ERK1/2 activation and role in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 108, 227–235.
Ishizuka, K., Kimura, T., Igata-yi, R., Katsuragi, S., Takamatsu, J., and Miyakawa, T. (1997) Identification of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in senile plaques and reactive microglia of Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 51, 135–138.
Meda, L., Baron, P., Prat, E., Scarpini, E., Scarlato, G., Cassatella, M. A., et al. (1999) Proinflammatory profile of cytokine production by human monocytes and murine micro-glia stimulated with beta-amyloid[25–35]. J. Neuroimmunol. 93, 45–52.
Gitter, B. D., Cox, L. M., Rydel, R. E., and May, P. C. (1995) Amyloid beta peptide potentiates cytokine secretion by interleukin-1 beta-activated human astrocytoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10,738–10, 741.
Bruno, V., Copani, A., Besong, G., Scoto, G., and Nicoletti, F. (2000) Neuroprotective activity of chemokines against N-methyl-o-aspartate or beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in culture. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 399, 117–121.
Muessel, M. J., Berman, N. E., and Klein, R. M. (2000) Early and specific expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the thalamus induced by cortical injury. Brain Res. 870, 211–221.
Ransohoff, R. M. (1997) Chemokines in neurological disease models: correlation between chemokine expression patterns and inflammatory pathology. J. Leukocyte Biol. 62, 645–652.
Flugel, A., Hager, G., Horvat, A., Spitzer, C., Singer, G. M., Graeber, M. B., et al. (2001) Neuronal MCP-1 expression in response to remote nerve injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21, 69–76.
Siebert, H., Sachse, A., Kuziel, W. A., Maeda, N., and Bruck, W. (2000) The chemokine receptor CCR2 is involved in macrophage recruitment to the injured peripheral nervous system. J. Neuroimmunol. 110, 177–185.
Fujioka, T., Kolson, D. L., and Rostami, A. M. (1999) Chemokines and peripheral nerve demyelination. J. Neurovirol. 5, 27–31.
Kieseier, B. C., Krivacic, K., Jung, S., Pischel, H., Toyka, K. V., Ransohoff, R. M., et al. (2000) Sequential expression of chemokines in experimental autoimmune neuritis. J. Neuroimmunol. 110, 121–129.
Halford, W. P., Gebhardt, B. M., and Carr, D. J. (1996) Persistent cytokine expression in trigeminal ganglion latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. J. Immunol. 157, 3542–3549.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Glabinski, A.R., Ransohoff, R.M. (2003). Roles of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Neuroinflammation. In: Wood, P.L. (eds) Neuroinflammation. Contemporary Neuroscience. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-297-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-297-5_4
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-9720-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-297-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive