Abstract
-
The immune response of neonates has a natural bias towards a T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokine profile.
-
Th2 cytokines facilitate development of allergic sensitization.
-
Exposure to infectious agents during early childhood is thought to modulate development of allergic sensitization and asthma.
-
Respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, rhinovirus, and parainfluenza viruses have been associated with wheezing during early childhood and have been implicated in induction of asthma.
-
Respiratory syncytial virus has been shown to induce an IgE response, particularly in atopic children.
-
Infection with non-viral agents such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chylamydia pneumoniae is associated with asthma in adults.
-
Results from studies with a murine model show that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke facilitates allergic sensitization to inhaled allergens through production of T helper cell type 2 cytokines.
-
Results from studies with a murine model show that exposure to ozone facilitates allergic sensitization to inhaled allergen.
-
Studies in humans and mice show that diesel exhaust particles increase local IgE production in response to allergen.
-
Ozone and environmental tobacco smoke exposure stimulate airway hyperresponsiveness in a guinea pig model.
Chapter PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Keywords
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Allergic Asthma
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke
- Maternal Smoking
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
References
Howard TD, Wiesch DG, Koppelman GH, Postma DS, Meyers DA, et al. Genetics of allergy and bronchial hyperresonsiveness. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 86–89.
Borish L. Genetics of allergy and asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 82: 413–424.
Mossman TR, Coffman RL. Different patterns of cytokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Ann Rev Immunol 1989; 11: 245–268.
Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immuunology,fifth edition. 1998. Mosby International Ltd. pp. 125–127.
Wegmann T, Lin H, Gulbert L, Mosmann T. Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the material-fetal relationship: is a successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 1993; 14: 353–356.
Bjorksten B. The environment and sensitization to allergens in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997; 8: 32–39.
VonMutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, et al. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 358–364.
Rinas U, Horneff G, Wahn V. Interferon-gamma production by cord blood mononuclear cells is reduced in newborns with a family history of atopic disease and is independent from cord blood IgE-levels. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1993; 4: 50–64.
Borres M, Einarsson R, Bjorksten B. Serum levels of interleukin-4, soluble CD23, and interferon-gamma in relation to the development of allergic disease during the first 18 months of life. Clin Exp Allergy 1995; 25: 543–548.
Braun-Fahrlander
Holt P, Sly P, Bjorksten B. Atopic versus infectious disease in childhood: a question of balance? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997; 8: 1–5.
Lewis S, Britton J. Measles infection, measles vaccination and the effect of birth order on the aetiology of hay fever. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28: 1493–1500.
Nilsson L, Kjellman N-I, Bjorksten B. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of pertussis vaccines on atopic disease. Arch PediatrAdolesc Med 1998; 152: 734–738.
Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shin-ichiro S, Hopkin J. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997; 275: 77–79.
Alm JS, Lilja G, Pershagen G, Scheynius A. Early BCG vaccination and development of atopy. Lancet 1997; 350: 400–403.
Herz U, Gerhold K, Gruber C, Braun A, Wahn U, et al. BCG infection suppresses allergic sensitization and development of increased airway reactivity in an animal model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 867–874.
Tukenmez F, Bahceciler NN, Barlan IB, Basaran MM. Effect of pre-immunization by killed Mycobacterium bovis and vaccae on immunoglobulin E response in ovalbumin-sensitized newborn mice. Pediatr Allery Immunol 1999; 10: 107–111.
Wang TN, KO YC, Chao, YY, Huang CC, Lin RS. Association between indoor and outdoor air pollution and adolescent asthma from 1995 to 1996 in Taiwan. Environ Res 1999; 81: 239–247.
Bjorksten B. The intrauterine and postnatal environments. CurrAllergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104: 1119–1127.
Bjorksten B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsnar M. The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year old children. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29: 342–346.
Shida K, Makino K, Morishita A, Takamizawa K, Hachimura S, et al. Lactobacillus casei inhibits antigen-induced IgE secretion through regulation of cytokine production in murine splenocyte cultures. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998; 115: 278–287.
Hopp RJ. Recurrent wheezing in infants and young children: a perspective. J Asthma 1999; 36: 547–553.
Einarsson O, Geba BP, Zhu Z, et al. Interleukin 11: Stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 915–924.
Chanock RM, Parrott RH, Vagosko AJ, Kapikian AZ, Knight V, and Johnson KM. Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Am J Pub Health 1962; 252: 918–924.
Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, Middleton E, Vaughan RS. The development of respiratory syncytial virus specific IgE and the release of histamine in nasopharyngesl secretions after infection. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 841–846.
Stein RT, Sherill D, Morgan WJ, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet 1999; 354: 541–545.
Noma T, Mori A, Yoshizawa I. Induction of allergen-specific IL-2 responsiveness of lymphocytes after respiratory syncytial virus infection and prediction of onset of recurrent wheezing and bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996; 98: 1–26.
Schwarze J, Makela M, Cieslewiez G, Dakhama A, Lahn M, et al. Transfer of the enhancing effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on subsequent allergic airway sensitization by T lymphocytes. J Immunol 1999; 163: 5729–5734.
Hegele RG. Role of viruses in the onset of asthma and allergy: lessons from animal models. Clin Exper Allergy 1999; 29: 78–81.
Reidel F, Oberdieck B, Streckert HJ, et al. Persistence of airway hyperresponsiveness and viral antigen following respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in young guinea-pigs. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 639–645.
Teichtahl H, Buckmaster N, Pertnikovs E. The incidence of respiratory tract infection in adults requiring hospitalization for asthma. Chest 1997; 112: 591–596.
Carlson KH, Orstavik I, Leegaard J, Hoeg H. Respiratory virus infections and aeroallergens in acute cronchial asthma. Arch Dis Child 1984; 59: 310–315.
West JA, Azzeddine D, Jkan MA, Sverre V, Hegele RG. Community study using a polymerase chain reaction panel to determine the prevalence of common respiratory viruses in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. J Asthma 1999; 36: 605–612.
Hegele RG. Role of viruses in the onset of asthma and allergy: lessons from animal models. Clin Exper Allergy 1999; 29: 78–81.
Castleman WL, Sorkness RL, Lemanske RF, McAllister PK. Viral bronchiolitis during early life induces increased numbers of bronchiolar mast cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 821–831.
Suzuki LS, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto N, Matsumoto Y, Shirai A. Influenza A virus infection increases IgE production and airway responsiveness in aerosolized antigen-exposed mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 102: 732–740.
Adamko DJ, Yost BL, Gleich GJ, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Ovalbumin sensitization changes the inflammatory response to subsequent parainfluenza infection. Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresonsiveness, m(2) muscarinic receptor dysfunction, and antiviral effects. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1465–1478.
Handzel ZT, Busse WW, Sedgwick JB, Vrtis R, Lee WM, et al. Eosinophils bind rhinovirus andactivate virus-specific T cells. J Immunol 1997; 160: 1279–1284.
Huguenel ED, Cohn D, Dockum DP, Greve JM, Fournel MA, et al. Prevention of rhinovirus infection in chimpanzees by soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Am J Crit Care Med 1998; 155: 1206–1210.
Canonica GW, Ciprandi G, Pesce GP, Buscaglia S, Paolieri F. ICAM-1 on epithelial cells in allergic subjects: a hallmark of allergic inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1999; 107: 99–102.
Gern JE, Vrtis R, Kelly EA, Dick EC, Busse WW. Rhinovirus produces nonspecific activation of lymphocytes through a monocyte-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1996; 157: 1605–1612.
Schroth MK, Grimm E, Frindt P, Galagan DM, Konno SI, et al. Rhinovirus replication causes RANTES production in primary bronchial epithelial cells. Am Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20: 1220–1228.
Fleming HE, Little FF, Schnurr D, Avila PC, Wong H, et al Rhinovirus-16 colds in healthy and in asthmatic subjects: similar changes in upper and lower airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 100–108.
Stempel DA, Boucher RC. Respiratory infection and airway reactivity. Med Clin North Am 1981; 65: 1045–1053.
McWilliam AS, Napoli S, Marsh AM, et al. Dendritic cells are recruited into the airway epithelium during the inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli. J Exper Med 1996; 184: 2429–2432.
Kraft M, Cassell GH, Henson JE, Watson H, Williamson J, et al. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the airways of adults with chronic asthma. Am J Resp Grit Care Med 1998; 158: 998–1001.
Kifuji K. Study of the mechanisms of histamine release from human leukocytes by challenge of mycoplasma. Arerugi 1989; 38: 1226–1235.
Allegra L, Blasi F, Centanni S, Cosentini R, Denti F, Raccanelli R, Tarsia P, Valenti V. Acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: role of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Eur Respir J 1944; 7: 2165–2168.
Hahn DL, Dodge RW, Golubjatnikov R. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) infection with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis, and adult-onset asthma. JAMA 1991; 266: 225–230.
Hahn DL, Golubjatnikov R. Asthma and chlamydial infection: a case study. J Fam Pract 1994; 38: 589–595.
Hahn DL. Chlamydia pneumoniae, asthma, and COPD: what is the evidence? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 83: 271–288.
Freymuth F, Vabret A, Brouard J, Toutain F, Verdon R, et al. Detection of viral, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in exacerbations of asthma in children. J Clin Virol 1999: 131–139.
Cunningham J, O Conner GT, Dockery DW, Speizer FE. Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities. Am J Grit Care Med 1996; 153: 218–224.
Ehrlich RI, Du Toit D, Jordaan E, Zqwarenstein M, Potter P, et al. Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing. Importance of maternal and household smoking. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154 (3 Pt 1): 681–688.
Hu FB, Persky V, Flay BR, Zelli A, Cooksey J. Prevalence of asthma and wheezing in public schoolchildren: association with maternal smoking during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1997; 79: 80–84.
Weitzman M, Gortmaker S, Walker DK, Sobol A. Maternal smoking and childhood asthma. Pediatrics 1990; 85: 505–511.
Seymour BWP, Pinkerton KE, Friebertshauser KE, Coffman RL, Gershwin U. Second-hand smoke is an adjuvant for T helper-2 responses in a murine model of allergy. J Immunol 1997; 159: 6169–6175.
Seymour B, Friebertshauser K, Coffman R, Gershwin L. Exposure of neonatal mice to environmental tobacco smoke enhances the allergic response to ovalbumin at adulthood. Annual Investigator Meeting Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program. 1999. Abstracts.
Seymour B, Pinkerton K, Friebertshauser K, Kurup V, Coffman R, Schelegle E, Gershwin L. The effects of second-hand smoke on a murine model of alle gic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. (Annual Investigator Meeting Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program). 1998. Program and Abstracts. pp. 28–29.
Muranaka M, Suzuki S, Koizumi K, Takafuji S, Miyamoto T, et al. Adjuvant activity of diesel-exhaust particulates for the production of IgE antibody in mice. JAllergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 616–623.
Ruznak C, Devalia JL, Davies RJ. The impact of pollution on allergic disease. Allergy 1994; 49 (18 Suppl): 21–27.
McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland F, London SJ, Vora H, et al. Air pollution and bronchitic symptoms in southern California children with asthma. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 757–760.
Gershwin LJ, Osebold JW, Zee YC. Immunoglobulin E-containing cells in mouse lung following allergen inhalation and ozone exposure. Int Archs Allergy Appl Immun 1980; 65: 266–277.
Osebold JW, Gershwin LJ, Zee YC. Studies on the enhancement of allergic lung sensitization by inhalation of ozone and sulfuric acid aerosol. JEnviron Path Toxicol 1980; 3: 221–234.
Nel AE, Diaz-Sanchez D, Ng, D, Hiura T, Saxon A. Enhancement of allergic inflammation by the interaction between diesel exhaust particles and the immune system. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102: 539–554.
Diaz-Sanchez D. The role of diesel exhaust particles and their associated polyaromatic hydrocarbons in the induction of allergic airway disease. Allergy 1997; 52: 52–56.
Fujieda S, Diaz-Sanchez D, Saxon A. Combined nasal challenge with diesel exhaust particles and allergen induces in vivo IgE isotype switching. Am J Respir Mol Biol 1998; 3: 507–512.
Takafugi S, Suzuki S, Koizumi K, Tadokoro K, Miyamoto T, et al. Diesel-exhaust particles inoculated by the intranasal route have an adjuvant activity of IgE production in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 639–643.
Takenaka H, Ahang K, Diaz-Sanchez D, Tsien A, Sazon A. Enhanced human IgE results from exposure to the aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhaust: diesel effects on B cell IgE production. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 95: 103–115.
Tsien A, Diaz-Sanchez D, Saxon A. The organic component of diesel exhaust particles and phenanthrene, a major polyaromatic hydrocarbon constituent, enhance IgE production by IgE-secreting EBV-transformed human B cells in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 142: 256–263.
Barnes PJ. Neuropeptides and asthma. Am Res Respir Dis 1991; 143 (Suppl): 28–32.
Gamboa PM, de la Cuesta CG, Sanz ML, Garcia BE, and Oehling A. Decrease of beta-receptors after the antigen-specific bronchial provocation test in bronchial asthma. Allergol Immunopathol. 1990; 18: 115–119.
Doidge DM, Satchel DG. Adrenergic and non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves in mammalian airways. J Auton Nery Syst 1982; 5: 83–99.
Laitinen A, Laitinen LA. Neuropeptides and classic innervation: neural structures in human airways, in Clinical Allergy and Immunology, Neuropeptides in Respiratory Medicine. 1994. ( Kaliner MA, Barnes PJ, Kunkel GHH, Baraniuk JN, eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1990; pp. 1–19.
Dey RD, Mitchell HW, Coburn RE. Organization and development of peptide-containing neurons in the airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3: 187.
Barnes PJ. Neuropeptides in the lung: localization, function, and pathophysiologic implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 285–295.
Ollerenshaw S, Jarvis D, Woolcock A, Sullivan C, Scheibner T. Absence of immunoreactive intestinal polypeptide in tissue from the lungs of patients with asthma. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 1244–1248.
Laitinen A. Ultrastructural organization of intra-epithelial nerves in the human airway tract. Thorax 1985; 40: 488–492.
Nadel JA. Neutral endopeptidase modulates neurogenic inflammation. EurRespirJ 1991; 4: 745–754.
Laitinen A, Laitinen LA. Airway mucosal inflammation even in patients with newly diagnosed asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 697–704.
Jode JP. Sidestream smoke effects on lung morphology and C-fibers in young guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 131: 289–296.
Bonham AC, Kott KS, Joad JP. Sidestream smoke exposure enhances rapidly adapting receptor responses to substance P in young guinea pigs. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81: 1715–1722.
Lai YL, Thacker A, Gairola CG. Sidestream cigarette smoke exposure and airway reactivity during early life. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 1868–1874.
Wu ZX, Morton RF, Lee LY. Role of tachykinins in ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to cigarette smoke in guinea pigs. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 958–965.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gershwin, L.J. (2001). Asthma, Infection, and Environment. In: Gershwin, M.E., Albertson, T.E. (eds) Bronchial Asthma. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-127-5_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-127-5_11
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4687-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-127-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive