Skip to main content

Developmental Therapy: A Program Model for Providing Individual Services in the Community

  • Chapter

Abstract

In this paper we discuss some of the problems of bringing therapeutic services to children. It is by now clear that our understanding of both normal development and developmental abnormalities is seriously incomplete. We have neither a coherent body of knowledge nor a comprehensive theory, and most treatments available for an abnormally developing child do not adequately utilize what knowledge we do have. In the first part of this paper some basic reasons for the lack of adequate services will be explored, with special reference to the problems of autistic and other severely deviant children. The purpose of this exploration is to identify issues that have interfered with the development of adequate care, and to suggest some essential elements for the provision of appropriate services for children and their families. In this discussion, autism and psychosis are used interchangeably, both referring to rating systems (Reichler and Schopler, 1971) based on the Creak (1964) criteria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Als, H., and Lewis, M. The contribution of the infant to the interaction with his mother. Reported at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. DSM-II, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: APA, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B. The empty fortress: Infantile autism and the birth of the self. London: Collier-Macmillan, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, D. Psychotic children and behavior modification. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 125, 1585–1590.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creak, M. Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood: Progress report of a working party. Cerebral Palsy Bulletin, 1961, 3, 501–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creak, M. Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood: Further progress report of a working party. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1964, 6, 530–535.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardy, F. The view from “the couch.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1967, 8, 257–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L. Psychotic disorders in childhood. In L. D. Eron (Ed.), Classification of behavior disorders. Chicago, Illinois: Aldine Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferster, C. B. Positive reinforcement and behavioral deficits in autistic children. Child Development, 1961, 32, 437–456.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, D. G. The effects of kinesthetic stimulation on weight gain and on smiling in premature infants. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Ortho-psychiatric Association, San Francisco, California, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry. Psychopathological Disorders in Childhood: Theoretical Considerations and a Proposed Classification. Formulated by the Committee on Child Psychiatry, G.A.P., New York, New York, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 1943, 2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. Approaches: Retrospect and prospect. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1971, 1, 453–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, K. Gaze direction as the infant’s way of controlling his mother’s teaching behavior. Reported at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koegler, R. R., Colbert, E. G., and Eiduson, S. Wanted: A biochemical test for schizophrenia. California Medicine, 1961, 94, 26–29.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyser, J. The two camps in child psychiatry: A report from a psychiatrist-father of an autistic and retarded child. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1968, 125, 141–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T. Intrafamilial environment of the schizophrenic patient: IV. The transmission of irrationality. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1958, 79, 305–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lidz, T. Thought disorders in the parents of schizophrenic patients A study utilizing the object sorting test. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1962, 1, 193–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lovibond, S. The object sorting test and conceptual thinking in schizophrenia. Australian Journal of Psychiatry, 1954, 5, 52–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLuhan, M. Understanding media. New York: Signet Books, New American Library, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, J., A physician looks at psychiatry. Ne v York: John Day, 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menninger, K., Ellenberger, H., Pruyser, P., and Mayman, M. The unitary concept of mental illness. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 1958, 22, 4–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, L., and Gunderson, J. Special report: Schizophrenia, 1972. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1973, 7, 47–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, D. I., and Goldfarb, W. Studies of perplexity in mothers of schizophrenic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1961, 31, 551–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ora, J., and Wiegerink, R. Regional intervention project for parents and children, Progress Report. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Education for the Handicapped, U.S. Office of Education, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ornitz, E. M., and Ritvo, E. R. Perceptual inconstancy in early infantile autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 18, 76–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osofsky, J. D. Neonatal characteristics and directional effects in mother-infant interaction. Reported at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. The siege. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R. E., and Sarvin, D. B. Infant characteristics and behavior as elicitors of maternal and parental responsibility in the newborn. Reported at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittfield, M., and Oppenheim, A. Child-rearing attitudes of mothers of psychotic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 1964, 1, 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichler, R. J. Comprehensive services for children: A program model, in Resources, education and the law: Resources for autistic children, Proceedings of the 6th Annual Meeting and Conference of the National Society for Autistic Children. Washington, D.C.: NSAC, 1974, 28–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichler, R. J., Babigian, H. M., and Gardner, E. A. The mental health team: A model for a combined approach to the problems of the poor. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1966, 36, 434–443.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichler, R. J., and Schopler, E. Observations on the nature of human relatedness. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1971, 1, 283–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimland, B. Infantile autism. New York: Century Psychology Series, Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1964. Chapter 4, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosman, B. Thought disorders in parents of schizophrenic patients: A further study utilizing the object sorting test. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1964, 2, 211–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. Concepts of autism: A review of research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1968, 9, 1–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. The description and classification of infantile autism. In D. W. Churchill, G. D. Alpern, and M. K. DeMyer (Eds.), Infantile autism. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Lebovici, S., Eisenberg, L., Sneznevskij, A. V., Sadoun, R., Brooke, E., and Lin, T. Y. A tri-axial classification of mental disorders in childhood (Report of the Third WHO Seminar on Psychotic Disorders). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1969, 10, 41–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E. Early infantile autism and receptor processes. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 13, 327–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E. Visual versus tactual receptor p References in normal and schizophrenic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1966, 71, 108–114.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E. Parents of psychotic children as scapegoats. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 1971, 4, 17–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., Brehm, S., Kinsbourne, M., and Reichler, R. J. Effects of treatment structure on development in autistic children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1971, 24, 415–421.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Loftin, J. Thinking disorders in parents of young psychotic children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1969, 74, 3281–3287. (a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Loftin, J. Thought disorders in parents of psychotic children: A function of test anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1969, 20, 174–181. (b).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Reichler, R. J. Developmental therapy by parents with their own autistic child. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics, and treatment. London: Churchill-Livingston, 1971. (a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Reichler, R. J. Parents as co-therapists in the treatment of psychotic children. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1911, 1, 87–102. (b).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Reichler, R. J. Psychobiological referents for the treatment of autism. In D. W. Churchill, G. D. Alpern, and M. K. DeMyer (Eds.), Infantile autism. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schopler, E., and Reichler, R. J. How well do parents understand their own psychotic child? Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1972, 2, 387–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, J. L., and Stern, S. Parents’ estimates of the intelligence of retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1959, 63, 696–698.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, M., and Wynne, L. Thought disorder and family relations of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 12, 201–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stengel, E. Classification of mental disorders. Bulletin WHO, 1960, 21, 601–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. Mother and infant at play: The dyadic interaction involving facial, vocal, and gaze. behaviors. In M. Lewis and L. Rosenbaum (Eds.), The origins of behavior (Vol. I). New York: Wiley, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, J. S. Diagnostic models and the nature of psychiatric disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 29, 445–449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tronick, E., Adamson, L., Wise, S., and Als, H. Infant emotions in normal and perturbed interactions. Reported at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Denver, Colorado, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wender, P. Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: Wiley, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wild, C. Disturbed styles of thinking: Implications of disturbed styles of thinking manifestations on the object sorting test by the parents of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 13, 464–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, L. This stranger, my son: A mother’s story. New York: Putnam, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wing, L. Children apart: autistic children and their families. A Family Doctor Booklet. London: British Medical Association, n.d.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, W., and Kurtz, R. A. Measurement of parents’ perceptions of their children’s development. Genetic Psychological Monographs, 1971, 83, 3–92.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1976 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reichler, R.J., Schopler, E. (1976). Developmental Therapy: A Program Model for Providing Individual Services in the Community. In: Schopler, E., Reichler, R.J. (eds) Psychopathology and Child Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2187-3_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2187-3_21

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2189-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2187-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics