Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Biosonar pp 195–229Cite as

On-Animal Methods for Studying Echolocation in Free-Ranging Animals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 51))

Abstract

Although still relatively new, sound sampling tags are proving to be powerful tools for studying echolocation in the wild. Compared to remote camera or listening systems that receive only fleeting glimpses of individuals, a tag follows an animal for periods of hours as it navigates and forages in its natural environment. Sensors can be added to sample movements, physiological parameters, and the environment of the animal. Such multisensor sound tags have been used extensively on odontocetes enabling fine-scale studies of prey search, selection, and capture behaviors that are expanding our knowledge of species traditionally thought of as hard to study. Given the severe weight constraint on tags for bats, short-range telemetry devices are still the only option for on-animal sound sensing. These have been used to study signal adaptation in captive animals but telemetry range is limited for outdoors use.

On-animal sound recordings can be difficult to interpret because of the density of the data and because of limitations associated with the location of the tag on the animal. New creative ways to explore multidimensional datasets that convey also the uncertainties inherent in these data are essential to unlock the full potential of sound tags in echolocation studies. Standardized ways to exchange and compare data are also needed to combine the small numbers of tag deployments typically achievable into a larger ecological picture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Flash memory density has more than doubled since 2009, enabling a wider recording bandwidth than described in Johnson et al. (2009).

References

  • Akamatsu, T., Matsuda, A., Suzuki, S., Wang, D., Wang, K., Suzuki, M., Muramoto, H., Sugiyama, N., & Oota, K. (2005a). New stereo acoustic data logger for free-ranging dolphins and porpoises. Marine Technology Society Journal, 39(2), 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akamatsu, T., Wang, D., Wang, K., & Naito, Y. (2005b). Biosonar behaviour of free-ranging porpoises. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 272(1565), 797–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akamatsu, T., Wang, D., & Wang, K. (2005c). Off-axis sonar beam pattern of free-ranging finless porpoises measured by a stereo pulse event data logger. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(5), 3325–3330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akamatsu, T., Teilmann, J., Miller, L. A., Tougaard, J., Dietz, R., Wang, D., Wang, K., Siebert, U., & Naito, Y. (2007). Comparison of echolocation behaviour between coastal and riverine porpoises. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(3–4), 290–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akamatsu, T., Wang, D., Wang, K., Li, S., & Dong, S. (2010). Scanning sonar of rolling porpoises during prey capture dives. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213, 146–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldridge, H. D. J. N., & Brigham, R. M. (1988). Load carrying and maneuverability in an insectivorous bat: a test of the 5 % “rule” of radio telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy, 69(2), 379–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ancel, A., Horning, M., & Kooyman, G. L. (1997). Prey ingestion revealed by oesophagus and stomach temperature recordings in cormorants. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200(Pt 1), 149–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, R. D., Jones, D. R., Williams, J. D., Thorson, P. H., Oliver, G. W., Costa, D. P., & Le Boeuf, B. J. (1997). Heart rates of northern elephant seals diving at sea and resting on the beach. Journal of Experimental Biology, 200(Pt 15), 2083–2095.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arranz, P., Aguilar de Soto, N., Madsen, P. T., Brito, A., Bordes, F., & Johnson, M. P. (2011). Following a foraging fish-finder: diel habitat use of Blainville’s beaked whales revealed by echolocation. PLoS ONE, 6(12), e28353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Au, W. W. L. (1993). The sonar of dolphins. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Au, W. W. L., & Benoit-Bird, K. J. (2003). Automatic gain control in the echolocation system of dolphins. Nature, 423(6942), 861–863.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Shalom, Y., Li, X. R., & Kirubarajan, T. (2001). Estimation with applications to tracking and navigation: Theory algorithms and software. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, S. B., Haverl, C. A., Le Boeuf, B. J., & Costa, D. P. (1999). A method for calibrating swim-speed recorders. Marine Mammal Science, 15, 894–905.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blomqvist, C., & Amundin, M. (2004). An acoustic tag for recording directional pulsed ultrasounds aimed at free-swimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) by conspecifics. Aquatic Mammals, 30(3), 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, W. C. (2008). A miniature acoustic recording tag: Applications to assess marine wildlife response to sound (No. GS0105A-0801). Santa Barbara, CA: Greeneridge Sciences, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, W. C., Tyack, P. L., Le Boeuf, B. J., & Costa, D. P. (1998). A programmable acoustic recording tag and first results from free-ranging northern elephant seals. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 45(7), 1327–1351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burwen, D. L., Fleischman, S. J., Miller, J. D., & Jensen, M. E. (2003). Time-based signal characteristics as predictors of fish size and species for a side-looking hydroacoustic application in a river. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 60(3), 662–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caccamise, D. F., & Hedin, R. S. (1985). An aerodynamic basis for selecting transmitter loads in birds. Wilson Bulletin, 97(3), 306–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chruszcz, B. J., & Barclay, R. M. (2003). Prolonged foraging bouts of a solitary gleaning/hawking bat, Myotis evotis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81(5), 823–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, S. J., Hinch, S. G., Wikelski, M., Andrews, R. D., Kuchel, L. J., Wolcott, T. G., & Butler, P. J. (2004). Biotelemetry: A mechanistic approach to ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(6), 334–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. W., Fuiman, L. A., Williams, T. M., Collier, S. O., Hagey, W. P., Kanatous, S. B, Kohin, S., & Horning, M. (1999). Hunting behavior of a marine mammal beneath the Antarctic fast ice. Science, 283(5404), 993–996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dechmann, D. K., Heucke, S. L, Giuggioli, L., Safi, K., Voigt, C. C., & Wikelski, M. (2009). Experimental evidence for group hunting via eavesdropping in echolocating bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 276(1668), 2721–2728.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietz, R., Shapiro, A. D., Bakhtiari, M., Orr, J., Tyack, P. L., Richard, P., Eskesen, I. G., & Marshall, G. (2007). Upside-down swimming behaviour of free-ranging narwhals. BMC Ecology, 7(1), 14.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ezer, T., Hobbs, R., & Oey, L.-Y. (2008). On the movement of beluga whales in Cook Inlet, Alaska: Simulations of tidal and environmental impacts using a hydrodynamic inundation model. Oceanography, 21(4), 186–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, S., Le Boeuf, B. J., Costa, D. P., Tyack, P. L., & Blackwell, S. B. (1996). Onboard acoustic recording from diving northern elephant seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100(4 Pt 1), 2531–2539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghose, K., & Moss, C. F. (2003). The sonar beam pattern of a flying bat as it tracks tethered insects. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114(2), 1120–1131.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghose, K., & Moss, C. F. (2006). Steering by hearing: A bat’s acoustic gaze is linked to its flight motor output by a delayed, adaptive linear law. Journal of Neuroscience, 26(6), 1704–1710.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gleiss, A. C., Wilson, R. P., & Shepard, E. L. C. (2011). Making overall dynamic body acceleration work: On the theory of acceleration as a proxy for energy expenditure. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2(1), 23–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grewal, M. S., Weill, L. R., & Andrews, A. P. (2007). Global positioning systems, inertial navigation, and integration. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henson, O. W., Jr., Bishop, A. L., Keating, A., Kobler, J. B., Henson, M. M., Wilson, B., & Hansen, R. (1987). Biosonar imaging of insects by Pteronotus p. parnellii, the mustached bat. National Geographic Research, 3, 82–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiryu, S., Katsura, K., Lin, L. K., Riquimaroux, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2005). Doppler-shift compensation in the Taiwanese leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros terasensis) recorded with a telemetry microphone system during flight. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(6), 3927–3933.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiryu, S., Hagino, T., Riquimaroux, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2007). Echo-intensity compensation in echolocating bats (Pipistrellus abramus) during flight measured by a telemetry microphone. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 121(3), 1749–1757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiryu, S., Shiori, Y., Hosokawa, T., Riquimaroux, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2008). On-board telemetry of emitted sounds from free-flying bats: Compensation for velocity and distance stabilizes echo frequency and amplitude. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 194(9), 841–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiryu, S., Bates, M. E., Simmons, J. A., & Riquimaroux, H. (2010). FM echolocating bats shift frequencies to avoid broadcast-echo ambiguity in clutter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 107(15), 7048–7053.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker, S. K., & Baird, R. W. (2001). Diving and ranging behaviour of odontocetes: A methodological review and critique. Mammal Review, 31(1), 81–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Houser, D., Martin, S. W., Bauer, E. J., Phillips, M., Herrin, T., Cross, M., Vidal, A., & Moore, P. W. (2005). Echolocation characteristics of free-swimming bottlenose dolphins during object detection and identification. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(1), 2308–2317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., & Tyack, P. L. (2003). A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 28(1), 3–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., Madsen, P. T., Zimmer, W. M. X., Aguilar de Soto, N., & Tyack, P. L. (2004). Beaked whales echolocate on prey. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 271(Suppl 6), S383–S386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., Madsen, P. T., Zimmer, W. M. X., Aguilar de Soto, N., & Tyack, P. L. (2006). Foraging Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) produce distinct click types matched to different phases of echolocation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(24), 5038–5050.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., Hickmott, L. S., Aguilar de Soto, N., & Madsen, P. T. (2008). Echolocation behaviour adapted to prey in foraging Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 275(1631), 133–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., Aguilar de Soto, N., & Madsen, P. T. (2009). Studying the behaviour and sensory ecology of marine mammals using acoustic recording tags: A review. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 395, 55–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. P., Partan, J., & Hurst, T. (2013). Low complexity lossless compression of underwater sound recordings. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(3), 1387–1398.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. A., Stanton, T. K., Lavery, A. C., Johnson, M. P, Madsen, P. T., & Tyack, P. L. (2008). Classification of broadband echoes from prey of a foraging Blainville’s beaked whale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(3), 1753–1762.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, S. (1998). Fundamentals of statistical signal processing, Vol. 2: Detection theory. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, W. C., Keating, A. W., & Henson, O. W. (1992). Ultrasonic vocalizations of flying bats monitored by radiotelemetry. Journal of Experimental Biology, 173(1), 43–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster, W. C., Henson, O. W., & Keating, A. W. (1995). Respiratory muscle activity in relation to vocalization in flying bats. Journal of Experimental Biology, 198(1), 175–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, B. D., & Simmons, J. A. (1982). Measurements of atmospheric attenuation at ultrasonic frequencies and the significance for echolocation by bats. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71(3), 585–590.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C. M., Hsu, H. W., & Lee, W. C. (2008). Compression artifacts in perceptual audio coding. IEEE Transactions on Audio , Speech , and Language Processing , 16(4), 681–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, R. H. (1977). Target strength of an individual fish at any aspect. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 62(6), 1397–1403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, G. (2009). Weak GPS signal detection in animal tracking. Journal of Navigation, 62(1), 1–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, P. T., & Wahlberg, M. (2007). Recording and quantification of ultrasonic echolocation clicks from free-ranging toothed whalese. Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 54(8), 1421–1444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, P. T., Payne, R., Kristiansen, N. U., Wahlberg, M., Kerr, I., & Møhl, B. (2002). Sperm whale sound production studied with ultrasound-time/depth-recording tags. Journal of Experimental Biology, 205(13), 1899–1906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, P. T., Johnson, M. P., Aguilar de Soto, N., Zimmer, W. M. X., & Tyack, P. L. (2005). Biosonar performance of foraging beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology, 208(2), 181–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, P. T., Aguilar de Soto, N., Arranz, P., & Johnson, M. P. (2013). Echolocation in Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris). Journal of Comparative Physiology, 199(6), 451–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, G., Bakhtiari, M., Shepard, M., Tweedy III, J., Rasch, D., Abernathy, K., Joliff, B., Carrier, J., & Heithaus, M. R. (2007). An advanced solid-state animal-borne video and environmental data-logging device (Crittercam) for marine research. Marine Technology Society Journal, 41(2), 31–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, S. W., Phillips, M., Bauer, E. J., Moore, P. W., & Houser, D. S. (2005). Instrumenting free-swimming dolphins echolocating in open water. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(4 Pt 1), 2301–2307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, C. F. J., Weinberg, M., & Kalko, E. K. V. (2005). Home-range size and spacing patterns of Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae) foraging over water . Journal of Mammalogy. 86(3), 587–598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitani, Y., Sato, K., Ito, S., Cameron, M. F., Siniff, D. B., & Naito, Y. (2003). A method for reconstructing three-dimensional dive profiles of marine mammals using geomagnetic intensity data: Results from two lactating Weddell seals. Polar Biology, 26(5), 311–317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Møhl, B., Wahlberg, M., Madsen, P. T., Miller, L. A., & Surlykke, A. (2000). Sperm whale clicks: Directionality and source level revisited. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 107(1), 638–648.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, A., Burwen, D. L., Boswell, K. M., & Mulligan, T. (2010). Tail-beat patterns in dual-frequency identification sonar echograms and their potential use for species identification and bioenergetics studies. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 139(3), 900–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orfanidis, S. J. (2010). Introduction to signal processing. Rutgers University. (available free at: www.ece.rutgers.edu/~orfanidi/intro2sp).

  • Pavlov, V. V., Wilson, R. P., & Lucke, K. (2007). A new approach to tag design in dolphin telemetry: Computer simulations to minimise deleterious effects. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Tropical Studies in Oceanography, 54(3), 404–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. A., Xavier, J. C., & Croxall, J. P. (2003). Effects of satellite transmitters on albatrosses and petrels. The Auk, 120(4), 1082–1090.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, A. J., & Westgate, A. J. (1997). Monitoring the movements of harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) with satellite telemetry. Marine Biology , 130, 315–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riquimaroux, H., Osawa, Y., & Watanabe, Y. (2007). Strategy for vocalization taken by FM bats during group flight measured by a wireless microphone system. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 121(5), 3037 (abstract only).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ropert-Coudert, Y., & Wilson, R. P. (2005). Trends and perspectives in animal-attached remote sensing. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3(8), 437–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ropert-Coudert, Y., Kato, A., Liebsch, N., Wilson, R. P., Muller, G., & Baubet, E. (2004). Monitoring jaw movements: A cue to feeding activity. Game and Wildlife Science, 21(1), 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, E. L. C., Wilson, R. P., Liebsch, N., Quintana, F., Laich, A. G., & Lucke, K. (2008). Flexible paddle sheds new light on speed: A novel method for the remote measurement of swim speed in aquatic animals. Endangered Species Research, 4(1–2), 157–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi, K., Narazaki, T., Sato, K., Shimatani, K., Arai, N., Ponganis, P. J., & Miyazaki, N. (2010). Data-processing artefacts in 3-D dive path reconstruction from geomagnetic and acceleration data. Aquatic Biology, 8, 299–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmonds, E. J., Armstrong, F., & Copland, P. J. (1996). Species identification using wideband backscatter with neural network and discriminant analysis. ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil, 53(2), 189–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M., Johnson, M. P., & Madsen, P. T. (2012). Keeping momentum with a mouthful of water: Behavior and kinematics of humpback whale lunge feeding, Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 3786–3798.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spiesberger, J. L., & Fristrup, K. M. (1990). Passive localization of calling animals and sensing of their acoustic environment using acoustic tomography. American Naturalist, 135, 107–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Surlykke, A., Filskov, M., Fullard, J. H., & Forrest, E. (1999). Auditory relationships to size in noctuid moths: Bigger is better. Naturwissenschaften, 86, 238–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surlykke, A., & Kalko, E. K. V. (2008). Echolocating bats cry out loud to detect their prey. PLoS ONE 3(4), e2036.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teloni, V., Johnson, M., Miller, P. J. O., & Madsen, P. T. (2008). Shallow food for deep divers: Dynamic foraging behavior of male sperm whales in a high latitude habitat. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology, 354, 119–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyack, P. L., Johnson, M. P., Aguilar de Soto, N., Sturlese, A., & Madsen, P. T. (2006). Extreme diving of beaked whales. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(21), 4238–4253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahlberg, M., Møhl, B., & Madsen, P. T. (2001). Estimating source position accuracy of a large-aperture hydrophone array for bioacoustics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109(1), 397–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward Shaffer, J., Moretti, D., Jarvis, S., Tyack, P. L., & Johnson, M. P. (2013). Effective beam pattern of the Blainville’s beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) and implications for passive acoustic monitoring. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(3), 1770–1784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, C., Arsenault, R., Plumlee, M., & Wiley, D. (2006). Visualizing the underwater behavior of humpback whales. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 26(4), 14–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, D. A., Rydell, J., & Jones, G. (1995). Echolocation call design and limits on prey size: A case study using the aerial-hawking bat Nyctalus leisleri. Behavioural Ecology & Sociobiology 37, 321–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, W. A., Daher, M. A., Fristrup, K. M., & Howald, T. J. (1993). Sperm whales tagged with transponders and tracked underwater by sonar. Marine Mammal Science, 9(1), 55–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westgate, A. J., McLellan, W. A., Wells, R. S., Scott, M. D., Meagher, E. M., & Pabst, D. A. (2007). A new device to remotely measure heat flux and skin temperature from free-swimming dolphins. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 346(1), 45–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., & Wilson, M. P. (1988). Dead reckoning: a new technique for determining penguin movements at sea. Meeresforschung, 32, 155–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., & McMahon, C. R. (2006). Measuring devices on wild animals: What constitutes acceptable practice? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(3), 147–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., Grant, W. S., & Duffy, D. C. (1986). Recording devices on free-ranging marine animals: Does measurement affect foraging performance? Ecology, 67(4), 1091–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., White, C. R., Quintana, F., Halsey, L. G., Liebsch, N., Martin, G. R., & Butler, P. J. (2006). Moving towards acceleration for estimates of activity-specific metabolic rate in free-living animals: The case of the cormorant. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75(5), 1081–1090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. P., Liebsch, N., Davies, I. M., Quintana, F., Weimerskirch, H., Storch, S., Lucke, K., Siebert, U., Zankl, S., Müller, G., Zimmer, I., Scolaro, A., Campagna, C., Plötz, J., Bornemann, H., Teilmann, J., & McMahon, C. R. (2007). All at sea with animal tracks: Methodological and analytical solutions for the resolution of movement. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(3), 193–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewska, D. M., Johnson, M. P., Beedholm, K., Wahlberg, M., & Madsen, P. T. (2012). Acoustic gaze adjustment during active target selection in echolocating porpoises. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(24), 4358–4373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, W. M. X., Johnson, M. P., D’Amico, A., & Tyack, P. L. (2003). Combining data from a multisensor tag and passive sonar to determine the diving behavior of a sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 28(1), 13–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, W. M. X., Johnson, M. P., Madsen, P. T., & Tyack, P. L. (2005a). Echolocation clicks of free-ranging Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(6), 3919–3927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, W. M. X., Tyack, P. L., Johnson, M. P., & Madsen, P. T. (2005b). Three-dimensional beam pattern of regular sperm whale clicks confirms bent-horn hypothesis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 117(3 Pt 1), 1473–1485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmer, W. M. X., Madsen, P. T., Teloni, V., Johnson, M. P., & Tyack, P. L. (2005c). Off-axis effects on the multipulse structure of sperm whale usual clicks with implications for sound production. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(5), 3337–3345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to T. Horiuchi, P. Madsen, N. Aguilar, T. Hurst, and A. Surlykke for helpful discussions. Funds from the National Oceanographic Partnership Program, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution senior technical award, the Marine Alliance for Science and Technology, Scotland, and a Marie Curie Career Integration Grant, supported the preparation of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland

    Mark Johnson

Authors
  1. Mark Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark Johnson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

    Annemarie Surlykke

  2. Marine Mammal Research Program, University of Hawaii Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kailua, Hawaii, USA

    Paul E. Nachtigall

  3. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard R. Fay

  4. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johnson, M. (2014). On-Animal Methods for Studying Echolocation in Free-Ranging Animals. In: Surlykke, A., Nachtigall, P., Fay, R., Popper, A. (eds) Biosonar. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 51. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9146-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation