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Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology pp 151–187Cite as

Taking Stock of the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Crime: Statistics, Theory, and Correctional Applications

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Abstract

Criminal conduct is largely the purview of boys and men. Regardless of time, culture, country, or measurement strategy, scholars have repeatedly concluded that males, irrespective of their race or ethnicity, are responsible for the vast majority of crime, particularly crime of a violent and serious nature (Belknap, The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice (3rd ed.). Thomson Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2007; Blanchette & Brown, The assessment and treatment of women offenders: An integrative perspective. Wiley, 2006; Muraskin, Women and Justice: It’s a crime. (5th ed.). Prentice Hall, 2012). Although girls and women commit considerably less crime than boys and men, official statistics suggest that arrest and incarceration rates for females have increased substantially over the last two decades while the corresponding male rates have either remained constant or declined (Glaze, Correctional Population in the United States, 2010, 2011; Snyder, Patterns and trends: Arrests in the United States, 1980-2009. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011; Snyder & Sickmund, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report. US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2006). In 2010, women comprised 1.3 million of the 7.1 million adults in the USA under some form of correctional supervision (Glaze, 2011; Glaze & Bonczar, Probation and parole in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011; Guerino, Harrison, & Sabol, Prisoners in 2010. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2011; Minton, Jail Inmates at Midyear 2011-Statistical Tables. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012).

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We use the term race to denote physical characteristics such as skin color, whereas ethnicity is a broader sociological term that captures an array of factors such as culture, nationality, ancestry, and language; the terms are distinct. For example, since 1980 the US Census Bureau has allowed citizens to identify both race (e.g., White, Black/African American, American Indian/Alaskan Native, Asian) and their ethnicity (e.g., Hispanic/Latino).

  2. 2.

    The previous version of the LS/CMI is the Level of Service Inventory—Revised (LSI-R; Andrews & Bonta, (1995). The updated tool features additional sections to allow for the provision of supplemental information related to case management planning and treatment progress.

  3. 3.

    Derived from the LSI-R (Andrews & Bonta, 1995), the YLS/CMI (Hoge & Andrews, 2002) and the revised YLS/CMI 2.0 (Hoge & Andrews, 2011) are developmentally informed assessments of risks/needs, which are also designed to outline case management strategies in youth aged 12–17.

  4. 4.

    Note that the area under the curve (AUC) is a common index of decision accuracy, with values of .50 reflecting chance level accuracy and 1.00 reflecting perfect accuracy. For further detail, the interested reader is encouraged to consult Swets et al. (2000).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Shelley L. Brown Ph.D. & Leigh Greiner Ph.D. Candidate

  2. Orbis Partners Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Natalie J. Jones Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Shelley L. Brown Ph.D. .

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  1. Columbia University Teachers College, New York, USA

    Marie L. Miville

  2. Department of Human Development and Psyc, Howard University, Washington, USA

    Angela D. Ferguson

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Brown, S.L., Jones, N.J., Greiner, L. (2014). Taking Stock of the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Crime: Statistics, Theory, and Correctional Applications. In: Miville, M., Ferguson, A. (eds) Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8860-6_8

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