Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Emerging Scholarly Brain

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Future Professional Communication in Astronomy II

Part of the book series: Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings ((ASSSP,volume 1))

Summary

It is now a commonplace observation that human society is becoming a coherent super-organism, and that the information infrastructure forms its emerging brain. Perhaps, as the underlying technologies are likely to become billions of times more powerful than those we have today, we could say that we are now building the lizard brain for the future organism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Accomazzi, A. (2010) Astronomy 3.0 Style. ArXiv e-prints arXiv:1006.0670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., and Silverstein, M. (1977) A Pattern Language, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, J. A., Phillips, M. M., Terlevich, R. (1981) Classification parameters for the emission-line spectra of extragalactic objects. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 93, 5-19.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Barabasi, A-L (2003) Linked, New York: Plume.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barabasi, A.-L. (2010) Bursts: the hidden pattern behind everything we do, New York: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, J., Van de Sompel, H., Hagberg, A., Bettencourt, L., Chute, R., Rodriguez, M.A., Balakireva, L. (2009a) Clickstream Data Yields High-Resolution Maps of Science, PLoS ONE, 4, e4803

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bollen, J., Van de Sompel, H., Hagberg, A., Chute, R., Mailund, T. (2009b). A Principal Component Analysis of 39 Scientific Impact Measures. PLoS ONE 4, e6022.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonacich, P. (1972) Factoring and weighting approaches to status scores and clique identification, Journal of Mathematical Sociology 2, 113-120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borgman, C.L. (2007) Scholarship in the Digital Age: Information, Infrastructure, and the Internet, Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brin, S. & Page, L. (1998),The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 30, 107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connolly, A. J., Szalay, A. S., Bershady, M. A., Kinney, A. L., Calzetti, D. (1995) Spectral Classification of Galaxies: an Orthogonal Approach. The Astronomical Journal 110, 1071.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P.M. (2008) Eigenfactor: Does the Principle of Repeated Improvement Result in Better Estimates than Raw Citation Counts?, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59, 2186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deerwester, S., Dumais, S., Furnas, G., Landauer, T., & Harshman, R. (1990). Indexing by latent semantic analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41, 391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitts, P.M. (1954) The Information Capacity of the Human Motor System in Controlling the Amplitude of Movement, Journal of Experimental Psychology 47, 381-391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortunato, S. (2010) Community detection in graphs. Physics Reports 486, 75-174.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, K.S. and Bhargava, B.K. (1973) Tree Systems for Syntactic Pattern Recognition, IEEE Transactions on Computers 22, 1087-1099.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsparg, P. (1994) First steps towards electronic research communication, Computers in Physics 8, 390-396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girvan, M., Newman, M. E. J. (2002) Community structure in social and biological networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 99, 7821-7826.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Golay, M., Mandwewala, N., Bartholdi, P. (1977) Spectral classification of stars with the same colours in intermediate multiband photometry - The concept of photometric ‘star-box’. Astronomy and Astrophysics 60, 181-194.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. (2007) Jim Gray on eScience: A Transformed Scientific Method, in The Fourth Paradigm, Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, eds T. Hey, S. Tansley, and K. Tolle, Redmond, Washington: Microsoft Research (2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanisch, R. J. (2001) ISAIA: Interoperable Systems for Archival Information Access. Virtual Observatories of the Future 225, 130.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Heylighten, F. and Bollen, J. (1996) The World-Wide Web as a Super-Brain: from metaphor to model. in Cybernetics and Systems ’96 (ed. R. Trappl), p. 917, Vienna: Austrian Society for Cybernetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. (1955) Drives and the C.N.S. (Conceptual Nervous System), Psychological Review 62, 243-254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henneken, E. A., Accomazzi, A., Kurtz, M. J., Grant, C. S., Thompson, D., Bohlen, E., Murray, S. S., Rosvall, M., Bergstrom, C. (2009) Exploring the Astronomy Literature Landscape. Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series 411, 384.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Henneken, E. A., Kurtz, M. J., Accomazzi, A., Grant, C., Thompson, D., Bohlen, E., Di Milia, G., Luker, J., Murray, S. S. (2010) Finding Your Literature Match – A Recommender System. ArXiv e-prints arXiv:1005.2308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Höldobler, B. and Wilson, E.O. (1970), The Ants, Cambridge: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Josang, A, Ismail, R. and Boyd, C (2007) A survey of trust and reputation systems for online service provision, Decision Support Systems 43, 618

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, C.G. (1935) Über die Archetypen des kollektiven Unbewussten, Zürich: Rhein-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klous, S, for the ATLAS collaboration (2010) Event Streaming in the Online System: Real-Time Organization of Atlas Data, report number ATL-DAQ-PROC-2010-017, Geneva: CERN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koschützki, D., et al (2005) Centrality Indices, in Network Analysis Methodological Foundations, eds U. Brandes and T. Erlebach, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3418, Heidelberg: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J. (1982) Automatic spectral classification. Ph.D. Thesis, Hanover: Dartmouth College.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J. (1989) Classification and knowledge. in Knowledge Based Systems in Astronomy, Lecture Notes in Physics 329, 91-106.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J. (1992) Second Order Knowledge: Information Retrieval in the Terabyte Era. in Astronomy from Large Databases II, European Southern Observatory Conference and Workshop Proceedings 43, 85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J. (1993) Advice from the Oracle: Really Intelligent Information Retrieval. in Intelligent Information Retrieval: The Case of Astronomy and Related Space Sciences, Astrophysics and Space Science Library (ASSL) 182, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Karakashian, T., Grant, C. S., Eichhorn, G., Murray, S. S., Watson, J. M., Ossorio, P. G., Stoner, J. L. (1993) Intelligent Text Retrieval in the NASA Astrophysics Data System. in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems II 52, 132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Eichhorn, G., Accomazzi, A., Grant, C. S., Murray, S. S., Watson, J. M. (2000) The NASA Astrophysics Data System: Overview. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series 143, 41-59.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Eichhorn, G., Accomazzi, A., Grant, C. S., Murray, S. S. (2002) Second order bibliometric operators in the Astrophysics Data System. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series 4847, 238-245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Eichhorn, G., Accomazzi, A., Grant, C. S., Demleitner, M., Murray, S. S. (2005) Worldwide Use and Impact of the NASA Astrophysics Data System Digital Library. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 56, 36.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Henneken, E. A., Accomazzi, A., Bergstrom, C., Rosvall, M., Grant, C. S., Thompson, D., Bohlen, E., Murray, S. S. (2007) Mapping The Astronomy Literature. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 38, 808.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Accomazzi, A., Henneken, E., Di Milia, G., Grant, C. S. (2009) Using Multipartite Graphs for Recommendation and Discovery. ArXiv e-prints arXiv:0912.5235; to appear in Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, M. J., Bollen, J. (2010) Usage Bibliometrics. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 44, 3-64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurzweil, R. (2001) The Law of Accelerating Returns, http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-law-of-accelerating-returns

  • Lancichinetti, A., Fortunato, S. (2009) Community detection algorithms: A comparative analysis. Physical Review E 80, 056117.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Leydesdorff, L. (2007) Betweenness centrality as an indicator of the interdisciplinarity of scientific journals.  Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58, 1303-1319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1956) Forbidden Planet (film)

    Google Scholar 

  • Murtagh, F. and Heck, A. (1987) Multivariate Data Analysis, Berlin: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newman, M.E.J. (2003) The structure and function of complex networks, SIAM Review 45, 167.

    Article  MathSciNet  ADS  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ossorio, P.G. (1965) Classification Space - A Multivariate Procedure for Automatic Document Indexing and Retrieval, Multivariate Behavioral Research 1, 479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ossorio, P. G. (1967). Attribute space development and evaluation (RADC-TR-67-640), Rome, NY: Rome Air Development Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossorio, P.G. (1977) “What Actually Happens”, The Representation of Real-World Phenomena, Colombia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1994) The Language Instinct, New York: William Morrow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinker, S. (1997) How the Mind Works, New York: W. W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosvall, M., Bergstrom, C. T. (2008) Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105, 1118-1123.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Stapledon, O. (1930) The First and Last Men, London:Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szalay, A. and Gray, J. (2001) The World-Wide Telescope, Science 293, 2037-2040.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M., Boch, T., Fitzpatrick, M., Allan, A., Paioro, L., Taylor, J., Tody, D. (2009) SAMP - Simple Application Messaging Protocol, v 1.11, International Virtual Observatory Alliance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone, L.L. (1934) Vectors of the Mind, Psychological Review 41, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van de Sompel, H., Lagoze, C., Nelson, M. L., Warner, S., Sanderson, R., Johnston, P. (2009) Adding eScience Assets to the Data Web. ArXiv e-prints arXiv:0906.2135.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Frisch, K. (1967) The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassermann, S., and Faust, K. (1994) Social Network Analysis, Cambridge (U.K.): Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, J.D., Bergstrom, T.C., Bergstrom, C.T. (2010a) The Eigenfactor Metrics (TM): A Network Approach to Assessing Scholarly Journals, College and Research Libraries, 71, 236.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, J., Bergstrom, T., Bergstrom, C.T. (2010b) Big Macs and Eigenfactor Scores: Don’t Let Correlation Coefficients Fool You, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, to appear: (DOI: 10.1002/asi.21374).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Y. and Karypis, G. (2004) Empirical and Theoretical Comparisons of Selected Criterion Functions for Document Clustering, Machine Learning, 55, 311-331.

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement.

This essay is dedicated to the memory of two extraordinary scientists who showed me great kindness. Peter Ossorio’s work continues to inspire me in several ways. Jim Gray’s (2007) fourth Paradigm is the clearest exposition of how the new science will actually function.

Also Andre Heck has, through the years, provided me, and many others, with venues to discuss the deeper meaning of some current trends. The references to this paper alone list several.

The ADS is funded by NASA Grant NNX09AB39G.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Michael J. Kurtz

Authors
  1. Michael J. Kurtz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael J. Kurtz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Astrophysics, Harvard Smithsonian Center, Garden St. 60, Cambridge, 02138, USA

    Alberto Accomazzi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this paper

Cite this paper

Kurtz, M.J. (2011). The Emerging Scholarly Brain. In: Accomazzi, A. (eds) Future Professional Communication in Astronomy II. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, vol 1. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8369-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8369-5_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-8368-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-8369-5

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation