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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Indo-US Primate Project, the Great Ape Conservation Fund of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Primate Action Fund, Primate Conservation Inc., and Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation. Scientific advice was given by Prof. Charles Southwick, Prof. Irwin Bernstein, Mr. David A. Ferguson, Mr. Fred Bagley, Mr. William Konstant, and Dr. Rob Horwich. We are also thankful to Dr. Danielle Whittaker and Dr. Susan Lappan for their valuable comments on the manuscript, and for assistance with the figures. We are also thankful to all Principal Chief Conservators of Forests and Chief Conservators of Forests (Wildlife) of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Tripura. Thanks to PCCF, Assam, and Mr. M.C. Malakar for giving us permission and logistical support for this work. We extend our sincere thanks to all the local forest officials and to our research team (Dr. A. Srivastava, Dr. D. Chetry, Dr. R. Medhi, Dr. P. Bujarboruah, Dr. P. Sarkar, Dr. J. Bose, Mr. U. Phukan, Mr. G. Banik, Mr. R. Nath, Mr. N. Das, Mr. L.S. Darney, Mr. A. Das, Mr. D. Borah, and Md. S.S.G. Ahmed). Without the support from the local villagers and field assistants this work would not have been possible.
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Appendix
Appendix
The distribution of gibbons outside of protected areas in Assam. RF = Reserved Forest, PRF = proposed Reserved Forest, DCRF = District Council Reserved Forest, P = hoolock gibbons present, NS = not surveyed, A = hoolock gibbons absent. (?) = secondary information from local villagers suggests the presence of gibbons, but this could not be confirmed from direct sightings or calling records.
Division | District | RF/ PRF | Area (km2) | Gibbon status | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Digboi | Tinsukia | 1 | Digboi E/B | 0.70 | P |
2 | Digboi W/B | 9.29 | P | ||
3 | Kotha | 10.48 | P | ||
4 | Tingkupani | 35.52 | P | ||
5 | Tipong | 4.45 | P | ||
6 | Tirap (1st Addn.) | 30.25 | P | ||
7 | Tirap | 14.55 | P | ||
8 | Upper Dehing (EB) | 131.68 | P | ||
9 | Upper Dehing (WB) | 274.85 | P | ||
10 | Dirak | 30.42 | P | ||
11 | Makumpani | 4.83 | P (?) | ||
12 | Bagapani | 0.96 | A | ||
13 | Namphai | 20.48 | A | ||
14 | Lekhapani | 13.96 | A | ||
15 | Paharpur | 1.66 | A | ||
Sibsagar | Sibsagar | 1 | Dilli | 30.30 | P |
2 | Abhayapuri | 67.36 | P | ||
3 | Sapekhati | 7.45 | A | ||
4 | Solah (Addn) | 6.83 | A | ||
5 | Dirai | 48.32 | A | ||
6 | Geleki | 59.25 | A | ||
Dibrugarh | Dibrugarh | 1 | Dihingmukh | 47.27 | A |
2 | Jakai | 18.27 | A | ||
3 | Jeypore | 108.68 | P | ||
4 | Namdang | 18.57 | A | ||
5 | Telpani | 13.31 | A | ||
Jorhat | Jorhat | 1 | Dessai | 27.97 | A |
2 | Dessai Valley | 174.48 | P | ||
3 | Tiru Hills | 58.59 | A | ||
Nagaon South | Nagaon | 1 | Doboka | 117.41 | P |
2 | Lumding | 224.03 | P | ||
3 | Hawainpur | 18.92 | A | ||
4 | Jamunamoudanga | 14.71 | A | ||
5 | Kaki (Pt.) | 111.46 | A | ||
Doom Dooma | Tinsukia | 1 | Kakajan | 23.46 | P |
2 | Philobari | 3.18 | P | ||
3 | Takowani | 5.03 | P | ||
4 | Pengri | 3.17 | P | ||
5 | Doom Dooma | 28.81 | P | ||
6 | Buridihing N/B | 15.17 | P | ||
7 | Buridihing S/B | 7.78 | P | ||
8 | Tarani | 20.39 | P | ||
9 | Kundilkalia | 72.84 | P | ||
10 | Debang Valley PRF | 35.64 | P | ||
11 | Hahkhati | 6.72 | P | ||
12 | Kumsang | 22.53 | P | ||
13 | Mesaki | 13.66 | P | ||
14 | Holonghabi | 5.20 | A | ||
15 | Nalini | 3.74 | A | ||
16 | Dangori | 9.19 | A | ||
17 | Talpathar | 1.80 | A | ||
18 | Duarmara | 6.53 | A | ||
19 | Lakhipathar | 1.05 | A | ||
20 | Mohongpathar | 4.66 | A | ||
21 | Deopani | 16.18 | A | ||
22 | Halongaon | 3.71 | A | ||
23 | Kukurmara | 3.65 | A | ||
24 | Sadia Stn. N/B | 23.31 | A | ||
25 | Sadia Stn. S/B | 4.51 | A | ||
K.A. West | Karbi Anglong | 1 | Dhansiri RF | 70.39 | P |
2 | Daldali RF | 123.33 | P | ||
3 | Disama RF | 11.26 | P | ||
4 | Englonggiri DCRF | P | |||
5 | Miyungdisa DCRF | P | |||
6 | Borlanfer DCRF | P | |||
7 | Hafjan PRF | P | |||
8 | Kaki RF | 121.49 | A | ||
9 | Hidipi DCRF | 20.08 | A | ||
10 | Jamuna DCRF | 1.13 | A | ||
E.A.W.L. | Golaghat | 1 | Panbari RF | 7.66 | P |
Assam State Zoo | Kamrup | 1 | Hengrabari RF | 1.18 | A |
N.C. Hills | N.C. Hills | 1 | Barail RF | 15.90 | P |
2 | Khurimming RF | 108.41 | P | ||
3 | Lanting Mupa RF | 493.35 | P | ||
4 | Panimur PRF | P | |||
5 | Barail PRF | 17.60 | P | ||
6 | Doyong Plantation | A | |||
Hamren | Karbi Anglong | 1 | Amsolong PRF | P | |
2 | Balasore PRF | P | |||
3 | Umjakini PRF | P | |||
4 | Amreng RF | 56.95 | P | ||
5 | Rongkhong | 33.79 | A | ||
6 | Jokota | 14.64 | A | ||
K.A. East | Karbi Anglong | 1 | Mikir Hills RF | 299.79 | P |
2 | Kalioni RF | 209.79 | P | ||
3 | Khonbamon DCRF | 165.49 | P | ||
4 | Nambor N/B RF | 53.09 | P | ||
5 | Nambor W/B RF | 166.33 | P | ||
6 | Jungthung RF | 32.57 | P | ||
7 | Patradisa DCRF | 67.34 | P | ||
8 | Longit DCRF | 117.62 | P | ||
9 | Haithapahar DCRF | 54.39 | P | ||
10 | Mahamaya DCRF | 5.58 | P | ||
11 | Borjuri PRF | 214.88 | P | ||
12 | Western Mikir Hills PRF | 39.36 | P | ||
13 | Langlakso PRF | 534.68 | P | ||
14 | Kaziranga PRF | 33.88 | P | ||
15 | Dolamora PRF | 5.53 | P | ||
16 | Kalapahar PRF | 9.77 | P | ||
17 | Bokajan PRF | 9.81 | P | ||
18 | Tikok PRF | 25.89 | P | ||
19 | Balasore PRF | A | |||
20 | Selabar | 335.40 | A | ||
21 | Sildharampur | 21.58 | A | ||
22 | Hidipi DCRF | 20.08 | A | ||
23 | Jamuna DCRF | 1.13 | A | ||
24 | Lahorijan PRF | 36.08 | A | ||
Hailakandi | Hailakandi | 1 | Innerline RF | 502.08 | P |
2 | Katakhal RF | 134.53 | P | ||
Goalpara | Dhubri | 1 | Bamundanga | 2.29 | A |
2 | Bandarmatha | A | |||
3 | Bordal | 0.86 | A | ||
4 | Dipalsang | 2.77 | A | ||
5 | Dhamar | 1.61 | A | ||
6 | Dipkai | 1.93 | A | ||
7 | Kumrakhali | 8.85 | A | ||
8 | Nakkati | 2.00 | A | ||
9 | Nalbari | 1.66 | A | ||
10 | Mogho | 3.73 | A | ||
11 | Saikiabhaga | 1.68 | A | ||
12 | Dashikata | 16.85 | A | ||
13 | Dewlee | 1.90 | A | ||
14 | Dwaraka | 1.85 | A | ||
15 | Gonbina | 1.17 | A | ||
16 | Matia | 7.67 | A | ||
17 | Nalanga | 8.39 | A | ||
18 | Randu | 2.45 | A | ||
19 | Rokhapara | 1.96 | A | ||
20 | Segunbari | 2.38 | A | ||
21 | Pancharatna | 9.76 | A | ||
Goalpara | 22 | Ajajoar Hill | 45.39 | A | |
23 | Barjhar | 8.07 | A | ||
24 | Chikebim | 0.21 | A | ||
25 | Dabli Hill | 1.40 | A | ||
30 | Pophanga | 2.77 | P | ||
26 | Gendabari | 5.29 | P (?) | ||
27 | Geradubi | 0.78 | A | ||
28 | Guriajhar | 12.63 | A | ||
29 | Paikan | 7.11 | A | ||
31 | Salpara | 1.06 | A | ||
32 | Zangrajansa | 15.39 | A | ||
1 | Kashumari (Pt-I) PRF | 0.85 | P | ||
2 | Kashumari (Pt-II) PRF | 0.22 | P | ||
3 | Khongkhal PRF | 2.51 | P | ||
Nagaon | Nagaon Marigaon | 1 | Bagser RF | 33.67 | P |
2 | Deosur RF | 5.87 | P | ||
3 | Kamakhya RF | 5.18 | P | ||
4 | Kafitoli RF | 2.92 | P | ||
5 | Suang RF | 26.45 | P | ||
6 | Bamuni RF | 1.55 | A | ||
7 | Borpani RF | 31.73 | A | ||
8 | Hirapunja RF | 2.28 | A | ||
9 | Kukrakata RF | 15.93 | A | ||
10 | Lutumai RF | 20.40 | A | ||
11 | Pilkhana RF | 1.64 | A | ||
12 | South Diju RF | 13.06 | P | ||
13 | North Diju RF | 10.02 | P | ||
14 | Daboka (part) RF | 43.82 | NS | ||
15 | Jakota (1st addition) RF | 1.39 | NS | ||
16 | Kondil PRF | 6.8 | A | ||
17 | Deosur Hill PRF | 0.68 | P | ||
18 | Kholahat RF | 61.64 | P | ||
19 | Killing RF | 4.45 | P | ||
20 | Barbari RF | 0.55 | A | ||
21 | Dhuadoloni RF | 0.05 | A | ||
22 | Sonaikachi RF | 53.03 | A | ||
23 | Tetelia Boghra RF | 18.07 | A | ||
Karimganj | Karimganj Cachar | 1 | Innerline RF | 1136.96 | P |
2 | Longai RF | 21.20 | P | ||
3 | Singla RF | 19.20 | P | ||
4 | Patharia RF | 10.70 | P | ||
5 | Badsahitila RF | 75.13 | A | ||
6 | Dohaliia RF | 38.74 | A | ||
7 | Tilbhum RF | 17.95 | A | ||
8 | North Cachar RF | 37.90 | P | ||
Silchar | Cachar | 1 | Innerline RF | 135.20 | P |
2 | Barail RF | 10.40 | P | ||
3 | Katakhal RF | 19.70 | P | ||
4 | Upper Jiri RF | 63.26 | P | ||
5 | Sonai RF | 35.95 | A | ||
6 | Lower Jiri RF | 36.43 | NS | ||
Golaghat | Golaghat | 1 | Diphu N/B | 183.66 | NS |
2 | Dayang | 246.36 | NS | ||
3 | Lower Doigrung | 20.73 | NS | ||
4 | Nambar (Pt.) | 426.5 | NS | ||
5 | Rengma | 139.22 | NS | ||
6 | Upper Doigrung | 21.50 | NS | ||
7 | Koko donga | 44.41 | NS | ||
Kamrup East | Kamrup | 1 | Gorbhanga | 114.61 | P |
2 | Jorsal RF | 12.56 | P | ||
3 | Kuwasingh | 9.98 | P | ||
4 | Rani | 43.69 | P | ||
5 | Amchang | 53.18 | A | ||
6 | Aprichola | 60.75 | A | ||
7 | Chamata | 0.27 | A | ||
8 | Dhaniangaon | 0.36 | A | ||
9 | Fatasil | 6.70 | A | ||
10 | Gotanagar | 1.71 | A | ||
11 | Hengrabari (Pt) | 4.98 | A | ||
12 | Jalukbari | 0.98 | A | ||
13 | Morakdoal | 14.27 | A | ||
14 | Sarania Hills | 0.08 | A | ||
15 | Sildhar | 0.51 | A | ||
16 | Sonpara | 2.21 | A | ||
17 | South Kalaphar | 0.70 | A | ||
18 | Teteliguri | 1.20 | A | ||
19 | South Amchang | 15.50 | P | ||
20 | Khanapara | 9.96 | NS | ||
21 | Maliata | 3.26 | NS | ||
Kamrup West | Kamrup South | 1 | Chandubi USF | 2.00 | P |
2 | Chaygaon RF | 12.94 | P | ||
3 | Kulsi RF | 18.55 | P | ||
4 | Pantan RF | 112.85 | P | ||
5 | Bogaikhas RF | 246.69 | P | ||
6 | Barodobha RF | 4.34 | P (?) | ||
7 | Barduar RF | 72.39 | P (?) | ||
8 | Gizang RF | 34.74 | P (?) | ||
9 | Luki RF | 9.05 | P (?) | ||
10 | Mtaikhar RF | 16.86 | P (?) | ||
11 | Barjuli RF | 11.28 | A | ||
12 | Dhuniagaon RF | 0.37 | A | ||
13 | Dimali RF | 0.53 | A | ||
14 | Dudhkhuri RF | 0.93 | A | ||
15 | Dampara Hill RF | 1.93 | A | ||
16 | Garubaldha RF | 1.10 | A | ||
17 | Ghoraputa RF | 0.48 | A | ||
18 | Gohaigurung RF | 1.26 | A | ||
19 | Jaipur RF | 3.26 | A | ||
20 | Jharikhuri RF | 12.47 | A | ||
21 | Khaksi Sikrabura RF | 10.20 | A | ||
22 | Khatajuli RF | 1.10 | A | ||
23 | Khatkhati Hill RF | 2.49 | A | ||
24 | Khurkhuri RF | 0.66 | A | ||
25 | Mayang Hills RF | 21.39 | A | ||
26 | Melghat RF | 3.63 | A | ||
27 | Milmilia RF | 19.63 | A | ||
28 | Moman RF | 32.11 | A | ||
29 | Mugakhal RF | 1.29 | A | ||
30 | Silmla Hills RF | 1.26 | A | ||
31 | Singra RF | 3.78 | A | ||
32 | Sursuria | 3.90 | A | ||
33 | Taraibari | 3.19 | A | ||
34 | Uttar Nampathar | 13.78 | A | ||
35 | Dakhin Nampathar | A |
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Das, J., Biswas, J., Bhattacherjee, P.C., Mohnot, S. (2009). The Distribution and Abundance of Hoolock Gibbons in India. In: Whittaker, D., Lappan, S. (eds) The Gibbons. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_19
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