This chapter considers the role that mindfulness and compassion can play in helping people who come from difficult and traumatic backgrounds. These individuals often have a highly elevated sense of threat – both from the outside (what others might do to them) and from the inside (feeling overwhelmed by aversive feelings or memories; or their own selfdislike/ contempt for themselves). The basic view is that traumatic backgrounds sensitise people to become overly reliant on processing from their threat systems.
But when the universe becomes your self, when you love the world as yourself, all reality becomes your haven, reinventing you as your own heaven.
Lao Tzu, Translated by Ralph Alan Dale Tao Te Ching
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Allman, J. M., Hakeem, A., Erwin, J. M., Nimchinsky, E., & Hof, P. (2001). The Anterior cingulate cortex: The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Annals of The New York Academy of Science, 935, 107–117
Arch, J. J., & M. G. Craske (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness: Emotion regulation following a focused breathing induction. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1849–1858.
Beck, A.T., Freeman, A., Davis, D. D., & associates. (2003). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders (Second Edition). New York: Guilford Press
Bifulco, A., & Moran, P. (1998). Wednesday's child: Research into women's experiences of neglect and abuse in childhood, and adult depression. London: Routledge.
Brewin, C. R (2006). Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 765–784.
Carter, C. S. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinlogy, 23, 779–818.
Corrigan, F. M. (2004). Psychotherapy as assisted homeostasis: Activation of emotional processing mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex. Medical Hypotheses, 63, 968–973.
Cozolino, L. (2007). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing social brain. New York: Norton.
Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 560–5.
Dalai Lama. (1995). The power of compassion. India: HarperCollins.
Dalai Lama. (2001). In N. Vreeland (Ed.), An open heart: Practising compassion in everyday life. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Damasio, A. R. (1999). The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. USA: Harcourt Trade Publishers.
Davidson, R. J., & Harrington, A. (2002, Eds). Visions of compassion: Western scientists and tibetan buddhists examine human nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
Deikman, A. (1982). The observing self: Mysticism and psychotherapy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Depue, R. A., & Morrone-Strupinsky, J. V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliative bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–395.
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007). Attending to the present: Mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference. Social Cognitive Affective Neuroscience Advance Access. 1–10.
Ferster, C. B. (1973). A functional analysis of depression. American Psychologist, 28, 857–870.
Frewen, A. P., Evans, E. M., Maraj, N., Dozois, D. J. A., & Partridge, K. (2006). Letting go: Mindfulness and negative automatic thinking. Cognitive Therapy and Research. In press.
Fulton, P. R., & Seigel, R. D. (2005). Buddhist and Western psychology: Seeking common ground. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Seigel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.) Mindfulness and Psychotherapy (pp.55–72) New York: Guilford Press.
Gerhardt, S. (2004). Why love matters. How affection shapes a baby's brain. London: Routledge.
Gilbert, P. (1989). Human nature and suffering. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gilbert, P. (1998) The evolved basis and adaptive functions of cognitive distortions. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 71, 447–463
Gilbert, P. (2000). Social Mentalities: Internal ‘social’ conflicts and the role of inner warmth and compassion in cognitive therapy. In P. Gilbert, & K. G. Bailey (Eds.) Genes on the couch: Explorations in evolutionary psychotherapy (p.118–150). Hove: Psychology Press.
Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9–74). London: Routledge.
Gilbert, P. (2007a). Psychotherapy and counselling for depression: 3rd edition. London: Sage.
Gilbert, P. (2007b). Evolved minds and compassion in the therapeutic relationship In P. Gilbert, & R. Leahy (Eds.). The therapeutic relationship in the cognitive behavioural psychotherapies (pp.106–142). London: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2005). Focused therapies and compassionate mind training for shame and self attacking. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 263–325). London: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: A pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353–379.
Gilbert, P. (in press). The Compassionate Mind. A New Approach to life's Challenges. London Constable-Robin.
Greenberg, J. R., & Mitchell, S. A. (1983). Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University press.
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D., & Roche, B. (2001) Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.
Hayes, S. C., Stroshal, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1152–1168
Holzel, B. K., Ott, U., Hempel, H., Hackl, A., Wolf, K., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (2007). Differential engagement of anterior cingulate and adjacent medial frontal cortex in adept meditators and non-meditators, Neuroscience Letters, 421(1), 16–21.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92,887–904.
LeDoux, J. (1998). The emotional brain. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
LeDoux, J (2002). Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. New York: Penguin.
Leighton T. D. (2003). Faces of compassion: Classic bodhisattva archetypes and their modern expression. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
Martin, J. R. (1997). Mindfulness: A proposed common factor. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 7, 291–312.
Marks, I. M. (1987). Fears, phobias, and rituals: Panic, anxiety and their disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mayhew, S., & Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate Mind Training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.
McKay, M., & Fanning, P. (1992). Self-esteem: A proven program of cognitive techniques for assessing, improving, and maintaining your self-esteem. Second Edition. Oakland, C.A: New Harbinger Publishers.
Mingyur, Y. (2007). The joy of living: Unlocking the secret and science of happiness. New York: Harmony Books.
Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85–102.
Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and its link to adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139–154.
Panskepp, J. (1998). Affective neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press.
Schore, A. N. (1994). Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale: N.J. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Shapiro, S. L., Astin J. A., Bishop, S. R., & Cordova, M. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction for health care professionals: Results from a randomised control trail. International Journal of Stress Management, 12, 164–176.
Siegel, D. J. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight” and neural integration: Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 67–94.
Singer, J. L. (2006). Imagery in psychotherapy. Washington DC: American Psychological Press.
Wegner, D. M., Schneider, D. J., Knutson, B., & McMahon, S. R. (1991). Polluting the stream of consciousness: The effect of thought suppression of the mind's environment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 141–151.
Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. Chichester: Wiley.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gilbert, P., Tirch, D. (2009). Emotional Memory, Mindfulness and Compassion. In: Didonna, F. (eds) Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_7
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09592-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09593-6
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)