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Neural Regeneration

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New Perspectives in Regeneration

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 367))

Abstract

Regeneration of the nervous system requires either the repair or replacement of nerve cells that have been damaged by injury or disease. While lower organisms possess extensive capacity for neural regeneration, evolutionarily higher organisms including humans are limited in their ability to regenerate nerve cells, posing significant issues for the treatment of injury and disease of the nervous system. This chapter focuses on current approaches for neural regeneration, with a discussion of traditional methods to enhance neural regeneration as well as emerging concepts within the field such as stem cells and cellular reprogramming. Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew as well as their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, and hence can serve as a source for cell replacement of damaged neurons. Traditionally, adult stem cells isolated from the hippocampus and subventricular zone have served as a source of neural stem cells for replacement purposes. With the advancement of pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), new and exciting approaches for neural cell replacement are being developed. Furthermore, with increased understanding of the human genome and epigenetics, scientists have been successful in the direct genetic reprogramming of somatic cells to a neuronal fate, bypassing the intermediary pluripotent stage. Such breakthroughs have accelerated the timing of production of mature neuronal cell types from a patient-specific somatic cell source such as skin fibroblasts or mononuclear blood cells. While extensive hurdles remain to the translational application of such stem cell and reprogramming strategies, these approaches have revolutionized the field of regenerative biology and have provided innovative approaches for the potential regeneration of the nervous system.

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Abbreviations

6-OHDA:

6-Hydroxydopamine

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

AMD:

Age-related macular degeneration

BAM:

Brn-2, Ascl1 and Myt1l

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

bHLH:

Basic helix loop helix

CNTF:

Ciliary neurotrophic factor

DA:

Dopaminergic

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

ESCs:

Embryonic stem cells

FAD:

Familial Alzheimer’s disease

FALS:

Familial ALS

FGF2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

FGF8:

Fibroblast growth factor 8

GDNF:

Glial-derived neurotrophic factor

hESCs:

Human embryonic stem cells

hPSCs:

Human pluripotent stem cells

iDA:

Induced dopaminergic

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor

iMN:

Induced motor neuron

iN:

Induced neuronal

iNPCs:

Induced neural progenitor cells

iPSCs:

Induced pluripotent stem cells

L-DOPA:

L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

MEF:

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts

miRNA:

Microribonucleic acid

mRNA:

Messenger ribonucleic acid

NCAMs:

Neural cell adhesion molecules

NPCs:

Neural progenitor cells

PB:

Piggyback

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

RCS:

Royal College of Surgeon’s

RPE:

Retinal pigmented epithelium

SCNT:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

SHH:

Sonic hedgehog

SMA:

Spinal muscular atrophy

SMN1/SMN2:

Survival of motor neuron gene 1/2

SOD1:

Superoxide dismutase

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Melissa M. Steward, Akshayalakshmi Sridhar & Jason S. Meyer

  2. Indiana University Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Jason S. Meyer

  3. Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Jason S. Meyer

  4. Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Jason S. Meyer

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  1. Melissa M. Steward
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  2. Akshayalakshmi Sridhar
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  3. Jason S. Meyer
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Correspondence to Jason S. Meyer .

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  1. Wistar Institute, Spruce Street 3601, Philadelphia, 19104, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ellen Heber-Katz

  2. Center for Regenerative Biology and, Medicine, Indiana University, North Blackford Street 402, Indianapolis, 46202, Indiana, USA

    David L. Stocum

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Steward, M.M., Sridhar, A., Meyer, J.S. (2012). Neural Regeneration. In: Heber-Katz, E., Stocum, D. (eds) New Perspectives in Regeneration. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 367. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2012_302

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