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Behavioral Neuroscience of Orexin/Hypocretin pp 157–196Cite as

Orexin and Central Modulation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function

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Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 33))

Abstract

Orexin makes an important contribution to the regulation of cardiorespiratory function. When injected centrally under anesthesia, orexin increases blood pressure, heart rate, sympathetic nerve activity, and the amplitude and frequency of respiration. This is consistent with the location of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus and the distribution of orexin terminals at all levels of the central autonomic and respiratory network. These cardiorespiratory responses are components of arousal and are necessary to allow the expression of motivated behaviors. Thus, orexin contributes to the cardiorespiratory response to acute stressors, especially those of a psychogenic nature. Consequently, upregulation of orexin signaling, whether it is spontaneous or environmentally induced, can increase blood pressure and lead to hypertension, as is the case for the spontaneously hypertensive rat and the hypertensive BPH/2J Schlager mouse. Blockade of orexin receptors will reduce blood pressure in these animals, which could be a new pharmacological approach for the treatment of some forms of hypertension. Orexin can also magnify the respiratory reflex to hypercapnia in order to maintain respiratory homeostasis, and this may be in part why it is upregulated during obstructive sleep apnea. In this pathological condition, blockade of orexin receptors would make the apnea worse. To summarize, orexin is an important modulator of cardiorespiratory function. Acting on orexin signaling may help in the treatment of some cardiovascular and respiratory disorders.

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Acknowledgment

Supported by grants from the National Health of Medical Research Council of Australia and from the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture, and Sports in Japan.

Conflict of Interest

The research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia

    Pascal Carrive

  2. Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan

    Tomoyuki Kuwaki

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  1. Pascal Carrive
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  2. Tomoyuki Kuwaki
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Correspondence to Pascal Carrive .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Andrew J Lawrence

  2. Dep Psychiatry & Behav Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

    Luis de Lecea

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Carrive, P., Kuwaki, T. (2016). Orexin and Central Modulation of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function. In: Lawrence, A.J., de Lecea, L. (eds) Behavioral Neuroscience of Orexin/Hypocretin. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 33. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2016_46

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