Skip to main content

Cofactor Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Perspective

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Biosynthesis

Abstract

The chemistry of the cofactors has provided a fertile area of overlap between organic chemistry and biochemistry, and the organic chemistry of the cofactors is now a thoroughly studied area. In contrast, the chemistry of cofactor biosynthesis is still relatively underdeveloped. In this review the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, riboflavin, folate, molyb-dopterin, thiamin, biotin, lipoic acid, pantothenic acid, coenzyme A, S-adenosylmethionine, pyridoxal phosphate, ubiquinone and menaquinone in E. coli will be described with a focus on unsolved mechanistic problems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichica coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC. This is an excellent review of cofactor biosynthesis, written from a molecular biology perspective

    Google Scholar 

  2. Adams MJ (1987) Oxido-reductases-pyridine nucleotide-dependent enzymes. In: Page MI, Williams A (eds) Enzyme Mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 477

    Google Scholar 

  3. Penfound T, Foster JW (1996) Biosynthesis and recycling of NAD. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 721

    Google Scholar 

  4. Seifert J, Kunz N, Flachmann R, Läufer A, Jany KD, Gassen HG (1990) Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 371:239

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Flachmann R, Kunz N, Seifert J, Gutlich M, Wientjes F-J, Läufer A, Gassen HG (1988) Eur J Biochem 175:221

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nasu S, Wicks FD, Gholson RK (1982) J Biol Chem 257:626

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gardner PR, Fridovich I (1991) Arch Biochem Biophys 284:106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bhatia R, Calvo KC (1996) Arch Biochem Biophys 325:270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Willison JC, Tissot G (1994) J Bacteriol 176:3400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Zalkin H (1985) Methods Enzymol 113:297

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Cheng W, Roth JR (1994) J Bacteriol 176:4260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Silverman RB (1995) Acc Chem Res 28:335

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Walpole CSJ, Wrigglesworth R (1987) Oxido-reductases-Flavoenzymes. In: Page MI, Williams A (eds) Enzyme Mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 506

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bacher A, Eberhardt S, Richter G (1996) Biosynthesis of riboflavin. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtis III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 657

    Google Scholar 

  15. Bacher A, Eisenreich W, Kis K, Ladenstein R, Richter G, Scheuring J, Weinkauf S (1993) Biosynthesis of flavins. In: Dugas H, Schmidtchen FP (eds) Bioorganic Chemistry Frontiers. Vol 3. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p 147

    Google Scholar 

  16. Perkins JB, Pero J (1993) Biosynthesis of riboflavin, biotin, folic acid and cobalamin. In: Sonenshein AL, Hoch JA, Losick R (eds) Bacillus subtilis and other gram positive bacteria. ASM, Washington DC, p 319

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mironov VN, Kraev AS, Chikindas ML, Chernov BK, Stepanov AI, Skryabin KG (1994) Mol Gen Genet 242:201

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Richter G, Ritz H, Katzenmeier G, Volk R, Kohnle A, Lottspeich F, Allendorf D, Bacher A (1993) J Bacteriol 175:4045

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Richter G, Fischer M, Krieger C, Eberhardt S, Luttgen H, Gerstenschlager I, Bacher A (1997) J Bacteriol 179:2022

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Richter G, Volk R, Krieger C, Lahm H-W, Rothlisberger U, Bacher A (1992) J Bacteriol 174:4050

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schott K, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F, Bacher A (1990) J Biol Chem 265:4204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mortel S, Fischer M, Richter G, Tack J, Weinkauf S, Bacher A (1996) J Biol Chem 271:33201

    Google Scholar 

  23. Eberhardt S, Richter G, Gimbel W, Werner T, Bacher A (1996) Eur J Biochem 242:712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Kearney EB, Goldenberg J, Lipsick J, Perl M (1979) J Biol Chem 254:9551

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Keller PJ, Van QL, Kim S-U, Blown DH, Chef H-C, Kohnle A, Bacher A, Floss HG (1988) Biochem 27:1117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Crout DHG, Hadfield JA (1987) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 742

    Google Scholar 

  27. Volk R, Bacher A (1990) J Biol Chem 265:19479

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Volk R, Bacher A (1991) J Biol Chem 266:20610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Volk R, Bacher A (1988) J Biol Chem 110:3651

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kis K, Volk R, Bacher A (1995) Biochem 34:2883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ritsert K, Huber R, Turk D, Ladenstein R, Schmidt-Base K, Bacher A (1995) J Mol Biol 253:151

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bacher A, Fischer M, Kis K, Kugelbrey K, Mortl S, Scheuring J, Weinkauf S, Eberhardt S, Schmidt-Base K, Hubert R, Ritsert K, Cushman M, Ladenstein R (1996) Biochem Soc Trans 24:89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Kis K, Bacher A (1995) J Biol Chem 270:16788

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rowan T, Wood HCS (1963) Proc Chem Soc 72:21

    Google Scholar 

  35. Rowan T, Wood HCS (1968) J Chem Soc Sect C Org Chem 452

    Google Scholar 

  36. Eschenmoser A, Lowenthal E (1992) Chem Soc Rev 21:1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Paterson T, Wood HCS (1969) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 290

    Google Scholar 

  38. Beach RL, Plaut GWE (1970) J Am Chem Soc 92:2913

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Paterson T, Wood HCS (1972) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 1051

    Google Scholar 

  40. Beach RL, Plaut GWE (1969) Tetrahedron Lett 40:3489

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Plaut GWE, Beach RL, Aogaichi T (1970) Biochem 9:771

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Brown DH, Keller PJ, Floss HG, Sedlmaier H, Bacher A (1986) J Org Chem 51:2461

    Google Scholar 

  43. Scheuring J, Cushman M, Bacher A (1995) J Org Chem 60:243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cushman M, Patel HH, Scheuring J, Bacher A (1993) J Org Chem 58:4033

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Cushman M, Patrick DA, Bacher A, Scheuring J (1991) J Org Chem 56:4603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Oschkinat H, Schott K, Bacher A (1992) J Biomol NMR 2:19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Benkovic SJ, Young M (1987) Folate-dependent enzymes. In: Page MI, Williams A (eds) Enzyme Mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 429

    Google Scholar 

  48. Green JM, Nichols BP, Matthews RG (1996) Folate biosynthesis, reduction, and polyglutamylation. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 665

    Google Scholar 

  49. Katzenmeier G, Schmid C, Bacher A (1990) FEMS Microbiol Lett 66:231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Katzenmeier G, Schmid C, Kellermann J, Lottspeich F, Bacher A (1991) Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 372:991

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ritz H, Keller G, Richter G, Katzenmeier G, Bacher A (1993) J Bacteriol 175:1553

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Suzuki Y, Brown GM (1974) J Biol Chem 249:2405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mathis JB, Brown GM (1970) J Biol Chem 245:3015

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lopez P, Lacks SA (1993) J Bacteriol 175:2214

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Talarico TL, Ray PH, Dev IK, Merrill BM, Dallas WS (1992) J Bacteriol 174:5971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dallas WS, Gowen JE, Ray PH, Cox MI, Dev IK (1992) J Bacteriol 174:5961

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bognar AL, Osborne C, Shane B, Singer SC, Ferone R (1985) J Biol Chem 260:5625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bognar AL, Osborne C, Shane B (1987) J Biol Chem 262:12337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Smith DR, Calvo JM (1982) Mol Gen Genet 187:72

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Smith DR, Calvo JM (1980) Nucl Acids Res 8:2255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Roux B, Walsh CT (1992) Biochem 31:6904

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Ye QZ, Liu J, Walsh CT (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Green JM, Merkel WK, Nichols BP (1992) J Bacteriol 174:5317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Green JM, Nichols BP (1991) J Biol Chem 266:12971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Nar H, Huber R, Meining W, Schmid C, Weinkauf S, Bacher A (1995) Structure 3:459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Nar H, Huber R, Auerbach G, Fischer M, Hosl C, Ritz H, Bracher A, Meining W, Eberhardt S, Bacher A (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:12120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Silverman RB (1992) The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action. Academic, San Diego, p 156

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tesmer J, Klem T, Deras M, Davisson VJ, Smith JL (1996) Nat Str Biol 3:74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Walsh CT, Liu J, Rusnak F, Sakaitani M (1990) Chem Rev 90:1105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Anderson KS, Kati WM, Ye QZ, Liu J, Walsh CT, Benesi AJ, Johnson KA (1991) J Am Chem Soc 113:3198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Teng CY, Ganem B, Doktor SZ, Nichols BP, Bhatnager RK, Vining LC (1985) J Am Chem Soc 107:5008

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Roux B, Walsh CT (1993) Biochem 32:3763

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Viswanathan VK, Green JM, Nichols BP (1995) J Bacteriol 177:5918

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Epstein DM, Benkovic SJ, Wright PE (1995) Biochem 34:11037

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Lee H, Reyes VM, Kraut J (1996) Biochem 35:7012

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Benkovic S, Fierke CA, Naylor AM (1988) Science 239:1105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Collison D, Garner CD, Joule JA (1996) Chem Soc Rev 26:25

    Google Scholar 

  78. George GN, Garrett RM, Prince RC, Rajagopalan KV (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:8588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Rajagopalan KV (1996) Biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 674

    Google Scholar 

  80. Pitterle DM, Rajagopalan KV (1993) J Biol Chem 268:13499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Zurick TR, Pitterle DM, Rajagopalan KV (1991) FASEB J 5:A470

    Google Scholar 

  82. Joshi MS, Johnson JL, Rajagopalan KV (1996) J Bacteriol 178:4310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wuebbens MM, Rajagopalan KV (1995) J Biol Chem 270:1082

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Pitterle DM, Johnson JL, Rajagopalan KV (1993) J Biol Chem 268:13506

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Vander Horn P, Backstrom A, Stewart V, Begley TP (1993) J Bacteriol 175:982

    Google Scholar 

  86. Haake P (1987) Thiamin-dependent enzymes. In: Page MI, Williams A (eds) Enzyme Mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 390

    Google Scholar 

  87. For reviews on thiamin biosynthesis see: a) Begley TP (1996) Nat Prod Rep 177

    Google Scholar 

  88. Estra-mareix B, David S (1996) New J Chem 20:607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. White RL, Spenser ID, Biosynthesis of thiamin. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 680

    Google Scholar 

  90. David S, Estramareix B, Fischer J-C, Therisod M (1982) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I, 2131

    Google Scholar 

  91. Tazuya K, Yamada K, Nakamura K, Kumaoka H (1987) Biochim Biophys Acta 924:210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. DeMoll E, Shive W (1985) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 132:217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Estramareix B, Therisod M (1972) Biochim Biophys Acta 273:275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Bellion E, Kirkley D, Faust J (1976) Biochim Biophys Acta 437:229

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. White R, Rudolph F (1978) Biochim Biophys Acta 542:340

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Estramareix B, Therisod M (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:3857

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Estramareix B, David S (1990) Biochim Biophys Acta 1035:154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Estramareix B, David S (1986) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 134:1136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Tazuya K, Tanaka M, Morisaki M, Yamada K, Kumaoka H (1987) Biochem Int 14:769

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Costello CA, Begley TP (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  101. An alternative pathway to the pyrimidine moiety of thiamin has been discovered in Salmonella typhimurium. a) Downs DM, Roth JR (1991) J Bacteriol 173:6597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Downs DM (1992) J Bacteriol 174:1515

    Google Scholar 

  103. Petersen L, Downs DM (1996) J Bacteriol 178:5676

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Backstrom A, McMordie A, Begley TP (1995) J Am Chem Soc 117:2351

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Backstrom A, Begley TP (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  106. Backstrom A, Costello CA, Chiu H-J, Kelleher N, McLafferty F, Taylor S, Begley TP (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  107. Webb E, Claas C, Downs D (unpublished results), Kinsland C, Begley TP (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  108. Mizote T, Tsuda M, Nakazawa T, Nakayama H (1996) Microbiol 142:2969

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Nakayama H (1990) Bitamin 64:619

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Zhang Y, Taylor SV, Chiu H-J, Begley TP (1997) J Bacteriol 179:3030

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Petersen L, Downs D, (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kawasaki T, Iwashima A, Nose Y (1969) J Biochem 65:407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kawasaki T, Iwashima A, Nose Y (1969) J Biochem 65:417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Imamura N, Nakayama H (1982) J Bacteriol 151:708

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Nakayama H, Hayashi R (1972) J Bacteriol 109:936

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Webb E, Downs D, (unpublished results)

    Google Scholar 

  117. Begley TP (1996) Nat Prod Rep 177

    Google Scholar 

  118. DeMoll E (1996) Biosynthesis of biotin and lipoic acid. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 704

    Google Scholar 

  119. Otsuka AJ, Buoncristiani MR, Howard PK, Flamm J, Johnson C, Yamamoto R, Uchida K, Cook C, Ruppert J, Matsuzaki J (1988) J Biol Chem 263:19577

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Lemoine Y, Wach A, Jeltsch J-M (1996) Mol Microbiol 19:639

    Google Scholar 

  121. Ploux O, Marquet A (1996) Eur J Biochem 236:301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Ploux O, Marquet A (1992) Biochem J 283:327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Stoner GL, Eisenberg MA (1975) J Biol Chem 250:4029

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Alexeev D, Bury SM, Boys CWG, Turner MA, Sawyer L, Ramsey AJ, Baxter HC, Baxter RL (1994) J Mol Biol 235:774

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Sanyal I, Cohen G, Flint DH (1994) Biochem 33:3625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Ifuku O, Miyaoka H, Koga N, Kishimoto J, Haze S-I, Wachi Y, Kajiwara M (1994) Eur J Biochem 220:585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Sanyal I, Lee S-L, Flint DH (1994) J Am Chem Soc 116:2637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Ploux O, Soularue P, Marquet A, Gloeckler R, Lemoine Y (1992) Biochem J 287:685

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Emery VC, Akhtar M (1987) Pyridoxal phosphate dependent enzymes. In: Page MI, Williams A (eds) Enzyme Mechanisms. Royal Society of Chemistry, London, p 343

    Google Scholar 

  130. Stoner GL, Eisenberg MA (1975) J Biol Chem 250:4037

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Gibson KJ, Lorimer GH, Rendina AR, Taylor WS, Cohen G, Gatenby AA, Payne WG, Roe DC, Lockett BA, Nudelman A, Marcovici D, Nachum A, Wexler BA, Marsilii EL, Turner IM, Howe LD, Kalbach CE, Chi H (1995) Biochem 34:10976

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Huang W, Jia J, Gibson KJ, Taylor WS, Rendina AR, Schneider G, Lindquist Y (1995) Biochem 34:10985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Alexeev D, Baxter RL, Smekal O, Sawyer L (1995) Structure 3:1207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Sanyal I, Cohen GS, Flint DH (1994) Biochem 33:3625

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Sanyal I, Gibson KJ, Flint DH (1996) Arch Biochem Biophys 326:48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Méjean A, Tse Sum Bui B, Florentin D, Ploux O, Izumi Y, Marquet A (1995) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 217:1231

    Google Scholar 

  137. Birch OM, Fuhrmann M, Shaw NM (1995) J Biol Chem 270:19158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Parry RJ (1983) Tetrahedron 39:1215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Marti FB (1983) Diss ETH (Zurich) Nr 7236

    Google Scholar 

  140. Baxter RL, Camp DJ, Coutts A, Shaw N (1992) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I 255

    Google Scholar 

  141. Marquet A, Frappier F, Guillerm G, Azoulay M, Florentin D, Tabet J-C (1993) J Am Chem Soc 115:2139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Florentin D, Tse Sum Bui B, Marquet A, Ohshiro T, Izumi Y (1994) CR Acad Sci Paris 317:485

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Jaun B, Pfaltz A (1988) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 293

    Google Scholar 

  144. Saeva FD, Morgan BP (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:4121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Beak P, Sullivan TA (1982) J Am Chem Soc 104:4450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Franz JA, Roberts DH, Ferris KF (1987) J Org Chem 52:2256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Parry RJ (1977) J Am Chem Soc 99:6464

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Hayden MA, Huang I, Bussiere DE, Ashley GW (1992) J Biol Chem 267:9512

    Google Scholar 

  149. Reed KE, Cronan Jr JE (1993) J Bacteriol 175:1325

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. White RH (1980) J Am Chem Soc 102:6605

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hayden MA, Huang IY, Iliopoulos G, Orozco M, Ashley GW (1993) Biochem 32:3778

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. White RH (1980) Biochem 19:15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. White RH (1986) Anal Chem Symp Ser XI 543

    Google Scholar 

  154. Jackowski S (1996) Biosynthesis of pantothenic acid and coenzyme A. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 687

    Google Scholar 

  155. Jones CE, Brook JM, Buck D, Abell C, Smith AG (1993) J Bacteriol 175:2125

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Wilkin DR, King Jr HL, Dyar RE (1975) J Biol Chem 250:2311

    Google Scholar 

  157. Shimizu S, Kataoka M, Chung MC-M, Yamada H (1988) J Biol Chem 263:12077

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Williamson JM (1985) Methods Enzymol 113:589

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Miyatake KY, Nakano Y, Kitaoka S (1979) Methods Enzymol 62:215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Song W-J, Jackowski S (1994) J Biol Chem 269:27051

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Brown GM (1959) J Biol Chem 234:370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Yang H, Abeles RH (1987) Biochem 26:4076

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Martin DP, Drueckhammer DG (1993) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192:1155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Worrall DM, Tubbs PK (1983) Biochem J 215:153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Powers SG, Snell EE (1979) Methods Enzymol 62:204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Aberhart DJ (1979) J Am Chem Soc 101:1354

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Van Poelje PD, Snell EE (1990) Ann Rev Biochem 59:29

    Google Scholar 

  168. Scandurra R, Politi L, Santoro L, Consalvi V (1987) FEBS Lett 212:79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Aberhart DJ, Ghoshal PK, Cotting J-A, Russell DJ (1985) Biochem 24:7178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Markham GD, Hafner EW, Tabor CW, Tabor H (1980) J Biol Chem 255:9082

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Parry RJ, Minta A (1982) J Am Chem Soc 104:821

    Google Scholar 

  172. Markham GD, Parkin DW, Mentsch F, Schramm VL (1987) J Biol Chem 262:5609

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Takusagawa F, Kamitori S, Markham GD (1996) Biochem 35:2586

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Zhao G, Winkler ME (1996) FEMS Microbiol Lett 135:275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Himmeldirk KK, Kennedy IA, Hill RE, Spenser ID (1996) Chem Commun 1187

    Google Scholar 

  176. Hill RE, Himmeldirk K, Spenser ID (1996) J Biol Chem 271:30426

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Wolf E, Hill RE, Sayer BG, Spenser ID (1995) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1339

    Google Scholar 

  178. Spenser ID, Hill RE (1995) Nat Prod Rep 555

    Google Scholar 

  179. Hill RE, Spencer ID (1996) Biosynthesis of vitamin B6. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 695

    Google Scholar 

  180. Zhao G, Pease AJ, Bharani N, Winkler ME (1995) J Bacteriol 177:2804

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Pease AJ, Winkler ME (1993) Abstract K-116. In: Abstracts of the 93rd General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. ASM, Washington DC, p 280

    Google Scholar 

  182. Man T-K, Zhao G, Winkler ME (1996) J Bacteriol 178:2445

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Zhao G, Winkler ME (1995) J Bacteriol 177:883

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Notheis C, Drewke C, Leistner E (1995) Biochim Biophys Acta 1247:265

    Google Scholar 

  185. Yang Y, Zhao G, Winkler ME (1996) FEMS Microbiol Lett 141:89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. White RS, Dempsey WB (1970) Biochem 9:4057

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Meganathan R (1996) Biosynthesis of the isoprenoid quinones menaquinone (vitamin K2) and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 642

    Google Scholar 

  188. Rohmer M, Seeman M, Horbach S, Bringer-Meyer S, Sahm H (1996) J Am Chem Soc 118:2564

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. White RH (1996) Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in bacteria. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 637

    Google Scholar 

  190. Schwender J, Seemann M, Lichtenthaler HK, Rohmer M (1996) Biochem J 316:73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Nichols BP, Green JM (1992) J Bacteriol 174:5309

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Siebert M, Bechthold A, Melzer M, May U, Berger U, Schroder G, Schroder J, Severin K, Heide L (1992) FEBS Lett 307:347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Siebert M, Severin K, Heide L (1994) Microbiol 140:897

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Wu G, Williams HD, Gibson F, Poole RK (1993) J Gen Microbiol 139:1795

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Melzer M, Heide L (1994) Biochim Biophys Acta 1212:93

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Suzuki K, Ueda M, Yuasa M, Nakagawa T, Kawamukai M, Matsuda H (1994) Biosci Biotech Biochem 58:1814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Wessjohann L, Sontag B (1996) Angew Chem Int Ed 35:1697

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Leppik RA, Young IG, Gibson F (1976) Biochim Biophys Acta 436:800

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Knoell H-E (1979) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 91:919

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Leppik RA, Stroobant P, Shineberg B, Young LC, Gibson P (1976) Biochim Biophys Acta 428:146

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Wu G, Williams HD, Zamanian M, Gibson F, Poole RK (1992) J Gen Microbiol 138:2101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Hsu AY, Poon WW, Shepherd JA, Myles DC, Clarke CF (1996) Biochem 35:9797

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Lee PT, Hsu AY, Ha HT, Clarke CF (1997) J Bacteriol 179:1748

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Alexander K, Young IG (1978) Biochem 17:4745

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Knoell H-E (1981) FEMS Microbiol Lett 10:63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Dowd P, Zheng ZB, Hershline R, Ham SW, Naganathan S, Kerns J (1996) Vitamin K mechanism of action and its bearing on vitamin E. In: Wilcox CS, Hamilton AD (eds) Molecular Design and Bioorganic Calalysis. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, p 15

    Google Scholar 

  207. Daruwala R, Bhattacharyya DK, Kwon O, Meganathan R (1997) J Bacteriol 179:3133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Liu J, Quinn N, Berchtold GA, Walsh CT (1990) Biochem 1929:1417

    Google Scholar 

  209. Popp JL (1989) J Bacteriol 171:4349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Palaniappan C, Sharma V, Hudspeth MES, Meganathan R (1992) J Bacteriol 174:8111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Weische A, Garvert W, Leistner E (1987) Arch Biochem Biophys 256:223

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Popp JL, Berliner C, Bentley R (1989) Anal Biochem 178:306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Sharma V, Meganathan R, Hudspeth MES (1993) J Bacteriol 175:4917

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Kwon O, Bhattacharyya DK, Meganathan R (1996) J Bacteriol 178:6778

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Sharma V, Hudspeth MES, Meganathan R (1996) Gene 168:43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Sieweke H-J, Leistner E (1991) Z Naturforsch 46c:585

    Google Scholar 

  217. Kolkmann R, Leistner E (1987) Z Naturforsch 42c: 1207

    Google Scholar 

  218. Bryant RW, Bentley R (1976) Biochem 15:4792

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Sharma V, Suvarna K, Meganathan R, Hudspeth MES (1992) J Bacteriol 174:5057

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Suvarna K, Meganathan R, Hudspeth MES (1994) Abstract K-159. In: Abstracts of the 94th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology. ASM, Washington DC, p 303

    Google Scholar 

  221. Shineberg B, Young IG (1976) Biochem 15:2754

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Suvarna R Unpublished results. Cited in: Meganathan R (1996) Biosynthesis of the iso-prenoid quinones menaquinone (vitamin K2) and ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff WS, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbarger HE (eds) Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Cellular and Molecular Biology. Vol 1. ASM, Washington DC, p 642

    Google Scholar 

  223. Igbavboa U, Leistner E (1990) Eur J Biochem 192:441

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Begley, T.P. et al. (1998). Cofactor Biosynthesis: A Mechanistic Perspective. In: Leeper, F.J., Vederas, J.C. (eds) Biosynthesis. Topics in Current Chemistry, vol 195. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69542-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69542-7_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-63418-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-540-69542-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics