Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Use of Macrocycles in Nuclear-Waste Cleanup: A Realworld Application of a Calixcrown in Cesium Separation Technology

  • Chapter
Macrocyclic Chemistry

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

11. References

  1. Schulz, W. W. and Bray, L. A.: Solvent Extraction Recovery of Byproduct Cs-137 and Sr-90 from HNO3 Solutions—a Technology Review and Assessment, Sep. Sci. Technol. 22(2&3) (1987), 191–214.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Horwitz, E. P. and Schulz, W. W.: Solvent Extraction in the Treatment of Acidic High-Level Liquid Waste, Where Do We Stand? In Metal-Ion Separation and Preconcentration, Bond, A. H., Dietz, M. L., and Rogers, R. D. (Eds.), ACS Symp. Ser., Vol. 716, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1999, pp. 20–50.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dozol, J.-F., Casas i Garcia, J., and Sastre, A. M.: Applications of Crown-Ethers to Cesium and Strontium Removal from Marcoule Reprocessing Concentrate, in New Separation Chemistry Techniques for Radioactive Waste and Other Specific Applications, Cecille, L., Casarci, M., and Pietrelli, L. (Eds.), Elsevier Applied Science, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Egorov, N. N., Zakharov, M. A., Lazarev, L. N., Lyubtsev, R. I., Nikiforov, A. S., Strakhov, M. V., and Filippov, E. A.: New Solutions to the Problem of Handling Long Lived Radionuclides. Soviet Atomic Energy 72(2) (1992), 148–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Filippov, E. A., Dzekun, E. G., Nardova, A. K., Mamakin, I. V., Gelis, V. M., and Milyutin, V. V.: Application of Crown Ethers and Ferrocyanide-Based Inorganic Material for Cesium and Strontium Recovery from High-Level Radioactive Wastes, Proc. Waste Management '92, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A., Mar. 1–5, 1992, pp. 1021–1025.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dozol, J.-F., Bohmer, V., McKervey, A., Lopez Calahorra, F., Reinhoudt, D., Schwing, M.-J., Ungaro, R., and Wipff, G.: New Macrocyclic Extractants for Radioactive Waste Treatment, Ionizable Crown Ethers and Functionalized Calixarenes, Report EUR-17615, European Communities, Luxembourg, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Blasius, E. and Nilles, K.-H.: The Removal of Cesium from Medium-Active Waste Solutions. I. Evaluation of Crown Ethers and Special Crown-Ether Adducts in the Solvent Extraction of Cesium, Radiochim. Acta 35 (1984), 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gerow, I. H. and Davis, M. V.: The Use of 24-Crown-8s in the Solvent Extraction of CsNO3 and Sr(NO3)2, Sep. Sci. Technol. 14(5) (1979), 395–414.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ungaro, R., Casnati, A., Ugozzoli, F., Pochini, A., Dozol, J.-F., and Hill, C., Rouquette, H.: 1,3-Dialkoxycalix[4]arenecrowns-6 in 1,3-Alternate Conformation, Cesium-Selective Ligands that Exploit Cation-Arene Interactions, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed Engl. 33(14) (1994), 1506–1509.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Asfari, Z., Wenger, S., and Vicens, J.: Calixcrowns and Related Molecules. J. Inclusion Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 19 (1994), 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hill, C., Dozol, J. F., Lamare, V., Rouquette, H., Eymard, S., Tournois, B., Vicens, J., Asfari, Z., Bressot, C., Ungaro, R., Casnati, A.: Nuclear Waste Treatment by Means of Supported Liquid Membranes Containing Calix-Crown Compounds, J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Recogn. Chem. 19 (1994), 399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Asfari, Z., Bressot, C., Vicens, J., Hill, C., Dozol, J.-F., Rouquette, H., Eymard, S., Lamare, V., Tournois, B.: Doubly Crowned Calix[4]arenes in the 1,3-Alternate Conformation as Cesium-Selective Carriers in Supported Liquid Membranes. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995), 3133–3139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Asfari, Z., Bressot, C., Vicens, J., Hill, C., Dozol, J. F., Rouquette, H., Eymard, S., Lamare, V., Tournois, B.: Cesium Removal From Nuclear Waste Water by Supported Liquid Membranes Containing Calix-bis-crown Compounds, in Chemical Separations with Liquid Membranes, ACS Symp. Ser., Vol. 642, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1996, pp. 376–390.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Asfari, Z., Wenger, S., Vicens, J.: Calixcrowns and Related Molecules, Pure Appl. Chem. 67(7) (1995), 1037–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lamare, V., Bressot, C., Dozol, J. F., Vicens, J., Asfari, Z., Ungaro, R., and Casnati, A.: Selective Extraction of Cesium at Tracer Level Concentration from a Sodium Nitrate Solution With Calixcrowns. Molecular Modeling Study of the Cs+/Na+ Selectivity, Sep. Sci. Technol. 32 (1997), 175–191.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dozol, J. F., Simon, N., Lamare, V., Rouquette, H., Eymard, S., Tournois, B., De Marc, D., Macias, R. M.: A Solution for Cesium Removal from High-Salinity Acidic or Alkaline Liquid Waste, The Crown Calix[4]arenes, Sep. Sci. Technol. 34 (1999), 877–909.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Moyer, B. A., Bonnesen, P. V., Sachleben, R. A., Presley, D. J.: “Solvent and Process for Extracting Cesium from Alkaline Waste Solutions,” U. S. Patent 6,174,503, Jan. 16, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bonnesen, P. V., Moyer, B. A., Sachleben, R. A.: “Fluoro-alcohol Phase Modifiers and Process for Cesium Solvent Extraction.” U. S. Patent 6,566,561, May 20, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Research Needs for High-Level Waste Stored in Tanks and Bins at U.S. Department of Energy Sites, National Research Council, National Academy Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nuclear Wastes, Technologies for Separations and Transmutation, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 192, 193.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Linking Legacies, USDOE Report DOE/EM-0319, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  22. U.S. Department of Energy Record of Decision, Savannah River Site Salt Processing Alternatives, Federal Register, Vol. 66, No. 201, pp. 52752–52756, October 17, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mow Lee, L. and Kilpatrik, L. L.: A Precipitation Process for Supernatant Decontamination, Report DP-1636, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River Laboratory, Aiken, SC, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Walker, D. D., Barnes, M. J., Crawford, C. L., Peterson, R. A., Swingle, R. F., and Fink, S. D.: In-Tank Precipitation with Tetraphenylborate, Recent Progress and Research Results, in Science and Technology for Disposal of Radioactive Tank Wastes, Schultz, W. W., and Lombardo, N. J. (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp. 219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bunker, B., Virden, J., Kuhn, B., and Quinn, R.: Nuclear Materials, Radioactive Tank Wastes, in Encyclopedia of Energy Technology and the Environment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1995, pp. 2023–2032.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hunter, J. R.: in Proceedings of the First Hanford Workshop on Separation Science and Technology, Richland, WA, July 23–25, 1991, Report PNL-SA-21775, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, U.S.A., May, 1993, pp. I.5–I.10.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gephart, R. E. and Lundgren, R. E.: Hanford Tank Clean up: A Guide to Understanding the Technical Issues, Report PNL-10773, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Delmau, L. H., Lefranc, T. J., Bonnesen, P. V., Bryan, J. C., Presley, D. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Fundamental Studies Regarding Synergism Between Calix[4]arene-bis(tert-octylbenzo-crown-6) and Alcohol Modifiers in the Solvent Extraction of Cesium Nitrate, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Delmau, L. H., Bonnesen, P. V., Herlinger, A. W., and Chiarizia, R.: Aggregation Behavior of Solvent Modifiers for the Extraction of Cesium from Caustic Media, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Engle, N. L., Bonnesen, P. V., Tomkins, B. A., Haverlock, T. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Synthesis and Properties of Calix[4]arene-bis[4-(2-ethylhexyl)benzo-crown-6], a Cesium Extractant with Improved Solubility, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 22(4) (2004), 611–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Delmau, L. H., Bonnesen, P. V., and Moyer, B. A.: A Solution to Stripping Problems Caused by Organophilic Anion Impurities in Crown-Ether Based Solvent Extraction Systems, A Case Study of Cesium Removal from Radioactive Wastes, Hydrometallurgy 72(1,2) (2004), 9–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Norato, M. A., Beasley, M. H., Campbell, S. G., Coleman, A. D., Geeting, M. W., Guthrie, J. W., Kennell, C. W., Pierce, R. A., Ryberg, R. C., Walker, D. D., Law, J. D., and Todd, T. A.: Demonstration of the Caustic-side Solvent Extraction Process for the Removal of Cs-137 from Savannah River Site High Level Waste, Sep. Sci. Technol. 38(12,13) (2003), 2647–2666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. White, T. L., Peterson, R. A., Wilmarth, W. R., Norato, M. A., Crump, S. L., and Delmau, L. H.: Stability Study of Cs Extraction Solvent, Sep. Sci. Technol. 38(12,13) (2003), 2667–2683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Wilmarth, W. R., Mills, J. T., Dukes, V. H., Beasley, M. C., Coleman, A. D., Diprete, C. C., and Diprete, D. P.: Caustic-side Solvent Extraction Batch Distribution Coefficient Measurements for Savannah River Site High-level Wastes, Sep. Sci. Technol. 38(12,13) (2003), 2637–2645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Leonard, R. A., Aase, S. B., Arafat, H. A., Conner, C., Chamberlain, D. B., Falkenberg, J. R., Regalbuto, M. C., and Vandegrift, G. F.: Experimental Verification of Caustic-side Solvent Extraction Removal of Cesium from Tank Waste, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 21(4) (2003), 505–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Delmau, L. H., Baes, C. F., Jr., Bostick, D. A., Haverlock, T. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Solvent Extraction System Modeling Using the Program SXFIT, in Leaching and Solution Purification, Hydrometallurgy 2003—Fifth International Conference, Vol. 1, Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Vancouver, Canada, August 24–27, 2003, Young, C. A., Alfantazi, A. M., Anderson, C. G., Dreisinger, D. B., Harris, B., and James, A. (Eds.), TMS (The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society), Warrendale, PA, 2003, pp. 969–981.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Moyer, B. A., and Lumetta, G. J.: Development of Effective Solvent Modifiers for the Solvent Extraction of Cesium from Alkaline High-Level Tank Waste, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 21(2) (2003), 141–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., Levitskaia, T. G., Sachleben, R. A., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Moyer, B. A.: Science to Applications, Development of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Cesium Removal from Savannah River Waste, Proc. 9th Biennial Internat. Conf. Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Management (Spectrum 2002), Aug. 4–8, 2002, Reno, Nevada.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bryan, J. C., Chen, T., Levitskaia, T. G., Haverlock, T. J., Barnes, C. E., and Moyer, B. A.: Solvation of Calix[4]arene-bis-crown-6 Molecules, J. Inclusion Phenom. 42(3–4) (2002), 241–245).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Duchemin, C. R., Engle, N. L., Bonnesen, P. V., Haverlock, T. J., Delmau, L. H., and Moyer, B. A.: Solvatochromic Solvent Polarity Measurements of Alcohol Solvent Modifiers and Correlation with Cesium Extraction Strength, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 19(2001), 1037–1058.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Leonard, R. A., Conner, C., Liberatore, M. W., Sedlet, J., Aase, S. B., Vandegrift, G. F., Delmau, L. H., Bonnesen, P. V., and Moyer, B. A.: Development of a Solvent Extraction Process for Cesium Removal from SRS Tank Waste, Sep. Sci. Technol. 36(5&6) (2001), 743–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Moyer, B. A., Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., Sachleben, R. A., Leonard, R. A., Conner, C., and Lumetta, G. J.: Solvent Extraction of Tc and Cs from Alkaline Nitrate Wastes, in Solvent Extraction for the 21st Century, M. Cox, M. Hidalgo, and M. Valiente (Eds.), Society of Chemical Industry, London, 2001, Proc. Internat. Solvent Extraction Conference (ISEC '99), Barcelona, Spain, July 11–16, 1999, Vol. 2, pp. 1365–1369.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Moyer, B. A., and Leonard, R. A.: A Robust Alkaline-side CSEX Solvent Suitable for Removing Cesium from Savannah River High Level Waste, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch.18(6) (2000), 1079–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Bonnesen, P. V., Haverlock, T. J., Engle, N. L., Sachleben, R. A., and Moyer, B. A.: Development of Process Chemistry for the Removal of Cesium from Acidic Nuclear Waste by Calix[4]arene-Crown-6 Ethers, in Calixarene Molecules for Separations, G. J. Lumetta, R. D. Rogers, and A. S. Gopalan (Eds.), ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 757, American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C., 2000, Chap. 3, pp. 26–44.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Haverlock, T. J., Bonnesen, P. V., Sachleben, R. A., and Moyer, B. A.: Analysis of Equilibria in the Extraction of Cesium Nitrate by Calix[4]arene-bis(t-octylbenzo-crown-6) in 1,2-Dichloroethane, J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 36 (2000), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Sachleben, R. A., Bonnesen, P. V., Descazeaud, T., Haverlock, T. J., Urvoas, A., and Moyer, B. A.: Surveying the Extraction of Cesium Nitrate by 1,3-Alternate Calix[4]arene Crown-6 Ethers in 1,2-Dichloroethane, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 17 (1999), 1445–1459.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Thuéry, P., Nierlich, M., Bryan, J. C., Lamare, V., Dozol, J.-F., Asfari, Z., and Vicens, J.:. Crown Ether Conformations in 1,3-Calix[4]arene Bis-crown Ethers, Crystal Structures of a Caesium Complex and Solvent Adducts and Molecular Dynamic Simulations, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (1997) 4191–4202.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Haverlock, T. J., Bonnesen, P. V., Sachleben, R. A., and Moyer, B. A.: Applicability of a Calixarene-Crown Compound for the Removal of Cesium from Alkaline Tank Waste, Radiochim. Acta. 76 (1997), 103–108.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Delmau, L. H., Birdwell, J. F., Jr., Bonnesen, P. V., Foote, L. J., Haverlock, T. J., Klatt, L. N., Lee, D. D., Leonard, R. A., Levitskaia, T. G., Maskarinec, M. P., Moyer, B. A., Sloop, F. V. Sloop, Jr., and Tomkins, B. A.: Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction, Chemical and Physical Properties of the Optimized Solvent, Report ORNL/TM-2002/190, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, October, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Moyer, B. A., Alexandratos, S. D., Bonnesen, P. V., Brown, G. M., Caton, J. E., Jr., Delmau, L. H., Duchemin, C. R., Haverlock, T. J., Levitskaia, T. G., Maskarinec, M. P., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Stine, C. L.: Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Chemical and Physical Properties, Progress in FY 2000 and FY 2001, Report ORNL/TM-2001/285, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, February 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Bonnesen, P. V., Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Alkaline-Side Extraction of Cesium from Savannah River Tank Waste Using a Calixarene-Crown Ether Extractant, Report ORNL/TM-13704, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Moyer, B. A.: Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction, Prediction of Cesium Extraction from Actual Wastes and Actual Waste Simulants, Report ORNL/TM-2003/011, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, February 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Delmau, L. H., Bostick, D. A., Haverlock, T. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction, Extended Equilibrium Modeling of Cesium and Potassium Distribution Behavior, Report ORNL/TM-2002/116, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, May 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Delmau, L. H., Haverlock, T. J., Levitskaia, T. G., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Moyer, B. A.: Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Chemical and Physical Properties, Equilibrium Modeling of Distribution Behavior, Report ORNL/TM-2001/267, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, December 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lee, D. D., Birdwell, J. F., Jr., Bonnesen, P. V., and Tomkins, B. A.: Density Changes in the Optimized CSSX Solvent System, Report ORNL/TM-2002/204, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, October 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Birdwell, J. F., Jr., and Anderson, K. K.: Evaluation of Mass Transfer Performance for Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction of Cesium in a Conventional 5-cm Centrifugal Contactor, Report ORNL/TM-2001/278, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, January 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Birdwell, J. F., Jr., Anderson, K. K., and Hobson, D. E.: Investigation of Emulsion Formation in Solvent Washing in the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Process, Report ORNL/TM-2002/126, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, June 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Birdwell, J. F., Jr., and Anderson, K. K.: Evaluation of 5-cm Centrifugal Contactor Hydraulic and Mass Transfer Performance for Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction of Cesium, Report ORNL/TM-2001/137, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, August 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Birdwell, J. F., Jr., and Cummings, R. L.: Irradiation Effects on Phase-Separation Performance Using a Centrifugal Contactor in a Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process, Report ORNL/TM-2001/91, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, August 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Spence, R. D., Delmau, L. H., Klatt, L. N., Sloop, F. V., Jr., Bonnesen, P. V., and Moyer, B. A.: Batch-Equilibrium Hot-Cell Tests of Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) with SRS Simulant Waste and Internal 137Cs Irradiation, Report ORNL/TM-2001/49, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, September, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Harmon, H., Schlahta, S, Wester, D., Walker, J., Fink, S., and Thompson, M.: Tanks Focus Area Savannah River Site Salt Processing Project Research and Development Summary Report, Report TFA-0105, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, May 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Miller, J. E., Brown, N. E., Krumhansl, J. L., Trudell, D. E., Anthony, R. G., and Philip, C. V.: Development and Properties of Cesium Selective Crystalline Silicotitanate (CST) Ion Exchangers for Radioactive Waste Applications, in Science and Technology for Disposal of Radioactive Tank Wastes, Schultz, W. W. and Lombardo, N. J. (Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1998, pp. 269–286.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Samanta, S. K. and Misra, B. M.: Ion Exchange Selectivity of a Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Polycondensate Resin for Cesium in Relation to Other Alkali Metal Ions, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch, 13(3) (1995), 575–589.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Bibler, J. P., Wallace, R. M., and Bray, L. A.: Testing a New Cesium-Specific Ion Exchange Resin for Decontamination of Alkaline High-Activity Waste, Report WSRC-RP-89, Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Samanta, S. K., Ramaswamy, M., and Misra, B. M.: Studies on Cesium Uptake by Phenolic Resins, Sep. Sci. Technol. 27(2) (1992), 255–267.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Hassan, N. M., McCabe, D. J., King, W. D., Hamm, L. L., and Johnson, M. E.: Ion exchange removal of cesium from Hanford tank waste supernates with SuperLig (R) 644 resin, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 254(1) (2002), 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Leonard, R. A., Conner, C., Liberatore, M. W., Sedlet, J., Aase, S. B., and Vandegrift, G. F.: Evaluation of an Alkaline-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Cesium Removal from SRS Tank Waste Using Laboratory-Scale Centrifugal Contactors, Report ANL-99/14, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, August, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Birdwell, J. F., Jr., Counce, R. M., and Slater, C. O.: Conceptual Design of a Simplified Skid-Mounted Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Removal of Cesium from Savannah River Site High-Level Waste, Report ORNL/TM-2004/59, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, May 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Thuery, P., Nierlich, M., Bressot, C., Lamare, V., Dozol, J. F., Asfari, Z., and Vicens, J.: Crystal and molecular structures of binuclear caesium complexes with 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crown-6 and 1,3-calix[4]-bis-benzo-crown-6, J. Inclusion Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 23(4) (1995), 305–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Horwitz, E. P.: Solvent Extraction in the Treatment of Acidic High-Level Liquid Waste, Where Do We Stand? In Metal Ion Separation and Preconcentration. Progress and Opportunities, ACS Symposium Series, Vol. 716, Bond, A. H., Dietz, M. L., and Rogers, R. D. (Eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 20–50.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Chemical Pretreatment of Nuclear Waste for Disposal, Schulz, W. W. and Horwitz, E. P. (Eds.), Plenum, New York, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Light Water Reactor Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Wymer, R. G. and Vondra, B. L. (Eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Musikas, C. and Schulz, W. W.: Solvent Extraction in Nuclear Science and Technology, in Principles and Practices of Solvent Extraction, Rydberg, J., Musikas, C., and Choppin, G. R. (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, pp. 413–448.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Danesi, P. R.: Solvent Extraction in the Nuclear Industry, in Developments in Solvent Extraction, Alegret, S. (Ed.), Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1988, pp. 188–214.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Nash, K. L., Barrans, R. E., Chiarizia, R., Dietz, M. L., Jensen, M. P., Rickert, P. G., Moyer, B. A., Bonnesen, P. V., Bryan, J. C., and Sachleben, R. A.: Fundamental Investigations of Separations Science for Radioactive Materials, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 18(4) (2000), 605–631.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Todd, T. A., Law, J. D., Herbst, R. S., Lumetta, G. J., and Moyer, B. A.: Treatment of Radioactive Wastes Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technologies-Fears, Facts, and Issues, Proc. Waste Management 00, Tucson, AZ, March 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Dietz, M. L., Horwitz. E. P., and Rogers, R. D.: (1995) Extraction of Strontium from Acidic Nitrate Media Using a Modified Purex Solvent, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 13, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Leonard, R. A., Conner, C., Liberatore, M. W., Bonnesen, P. V., Presley, D. J., Moyer, B. A., and Lumetta, G. J.: Developing and Testing an Alkaline-Side Solvent Extraction Process for Technetium Separation from Tank Waste, Sep. Sci. Technol. 34(6&7) (1999), 1043–1068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Bonnesen, P. V., Moyer, B. A., Haverlock, T. J., Armstrong, V. S., and Sachleben, R. A.: Removal of Technetium from Alkaline Waste Media by a New Solvent Extraction Process, in Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VI, D. W. Tedder and F. G. Pohland (Eds.), American Academy of Environmental Engineers, Annapolis, MD, 1996, pp. 245–262.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Moyer, B. A., Sachleben, R. A., and Bonnesen, P. V.: “Process for Extracting Technetium from Alkaline Solutions,” U. S. Patent 5,443,731, August 22, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Leonard, R. A.: Design Rules for Solvent Extraction, Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 17(3) (1999), 597–612.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Bryan, J. C. and Bonnesen, P. V.: unpublished results.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Marcus, Y., Pross, E., and Hormadaly, J.: Anion Solvation Properties of Protic Solvents. 2. Salt Distribution Study, J. Phys. Chem. 84 (1980), 2708–2715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Bonnesen, P. V., Sloop, F. V., Jr., and Engle, N. L.: Stability of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Process Solvent, Effect of High Nitrite on Solvent Nitration, ORNL Report ORNL/TM-2002/115, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, July 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Delmau, L. H., Van Berkel, G. J., Bonnesen, P. V., and Moyer, B. A.: Improved Performance of the Alkaline-Side CSEX Process for Cesium Extraction from Alkaline High-Level Waste Obtained by Characterization of the Effect of Surfactant Impurities, Report ORNL/TM-1999/209, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Norato, M. A., Cambell, S. G., Crowder, M. L., Geeting, M. W., Kessinger, G. F., Pierce, R. A., and Walker, D. D.: High-Level Waste Demonstration of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process with Optimized Solvent in the 2-cm Centrifugal Contactor Apparatus Using Tank 37H/44F Supernate, Report WSRC-TR-2002-00243, Rev. 0, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, November 1, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Norato, M. A., Fink, S. D., Fondeur, F. F., Kessinger, G. F., Pierce, R. A., and Walker, D. D.: Demonstration of Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction with Optimized Solvent in the 2-cm Centrifugal Contactor Apparatus Using Dissolved Salt Cake from Tank 37H, Report WSRC-TR-2002-00307, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, September 3, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Leonard, R. A., Aase, S. B., Arafat, H. A., Chamberlain, D. B., Conner, C., Regalbuto, M. C., and Vandegrift, G. F.: Multi-day Test of the Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Flowsheet for Cesium Removal from a Simulated SRS Tank Waste, Report ANL-02/11, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, January 15, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pereira, C., Arafat, H. A., Falkenberg, J. R., Regalbuto, M. C., and Vandegrift, G. F.: Recovery of Entrained CSSX Solvent from Caustic Aqueous Raffinate Using Coalescers, Report ANL-02/34, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, November 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  90. C. A. Langton: PUREX Organic Solidification, Report WSRC-TR-2002-00570, Rev. 0, Savannah River Technology Center, Aiken, SC, December, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Leonard, R. A., Chamberlain, D. B., and Conner, C.: Centrifugal Contactors for Laboratory-Scale Solvent Extraction Tests, Sep. Sci. Technol. 32(1–4) (1997), 193–210.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Leonard, R. A., Bernstein, G. J., Ziegler, A. A., and Pelto, R. H.: Annular Centrifugal Contactors for Solvent Extraction, Sep. Sci. Technol. 15(4) (1980), 925–943.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wilmarth, W. R., Healy, D. P., Wheeler, D. J., Mills, J. T., Dukes, V. H., and D. P. DiPrete: Caustic Side Solvent Extraction Batch Distribution Measurements for SRS High Level Waste Samples and Dissolved Saltcake, Report WSRC-TR-2002-00336, Rev. 1, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, December 5, 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Ritcey, G. M. and Ashbrook, A. W.: Solvent Extraction, Principles and Applications to Process Metallurgy, Elsevier, New York, 1984, Part I.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Leonard, R. A.: Solvent Characterization Using the Dispersion Number, Sep. Sci. Technol. 30(7–9) (1995), 1103–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Campbell, S. G., Geeting, M. W., Kennell, C. W., Law, J. D., Leonard, R. A., Norato, M. A., Pierce, R. A., Todd, T. A., Walker, D. D., and Wilmarth, W. R.: Demonstration of Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction with Savannah River Site-High-Level Waste, Report WSRC-TR-2001-00223, Rev. 0, Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Aiken, SC, April 19, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P. O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831-6119, USA

    Bruce A. Moyer, Joseph F. Birdwell Jr., Peter V. Bonnesen & Laetitia H. Delmau

Authors
  1. Bruce A. Moyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joseph F. Birdwell Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter V. Bonnesen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laetitia H. Delmau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Technische Universität Dresden, Germany

    Karsten Gloe

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moyer, B.A., Birdwell, J.F., Bonnesen, P.V., Delmau, L.H. (2005). Use of Macrocycles in Nuclear-Waste Cleanup: A Realworld Application of a Calixcrown in Cesium Separation Technology. In: Gloe, K. (eds) Macrocyclic Chemistry. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3687-6_24

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation