The Turing Test

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-ix

   PDF

2. History

   1. The Turing Test

      • B. Jack Copeland

      Pages 1-21

   2. Turing Test: 50 Years Later

      • Ayse Pinar Saygin, Ilyas Cicekli, Varol Akman

      Pages 23-78

3. Interpretation

   1. Turing’s Two Tests for Intelligence

      • Susan G. Sterrett

      Pages 79-97

   2. Making the Right Identification in the Turing Test

      • Saul Traiger

      Pages 99-110

   3. Turing’s Rules for the Imitation Game

      • Gualtiero Piccinini

      Pages 111-120

4. Criticism

   1. Passing Loebner’s Turing Test: A Case of Conflicting Discourse Functions

      • Sean Zdenek

      Pages 121-144

   2. The Constructibility of Artificial Intelligence (as Defined by the Turing Test)

      • Bruce Edmonds

      Pages 145-150

   3. Intelligence is not Enough: On the Socialization of Talking Machines

      • Edmund M. A. Ronald, Moshe Sipper

      Pages 151-160

5. Defense

   1. How to Pass a Turing Test

      • William J. Rapaport

      Pages 161-184

   2. Look Who’s Moving the Goal Posts Now

      • Larry Hauser

      Pages 185-195

   3. The Status and Future of the Turing Test

      • James H. Moor

      Pages 197-213

6. Alternatives

   1. Creativity, the Turing Test, and the (Better) Lovelace Test

      • Selmer Bringsjord, Paul Bello, David Ferrucci

      Pages 215-239

   2. The Cartesian Test for Automatism

      • Gerald J. Erion

      Pages 241-251

   3. Minds, Machines and Turing

      • S. Harnad

      Pages 253-273

In 1950 Alan Turing (1912-1954) published his famous article, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in the journal Mind. This article is arguably the most influential and widely read article in the philosophy of artificial intelligence. Indeed, most of the debate in the philosophy of artificial intelligence over the last fifty years concerns issues that were raised and discussed by Turing. Turing's genius was not only in developing the theory of computability but also in understanding the impact, both practical and philosophical, that computing machinery would have. Turing believed that computers, if properly designed and educated, could exhibit intelligent behavior, even behavior that would be indistinguishable from human intelligent behavior. His vision of the possibility of machine intelligence has been highly inspiring and extremely controversial. In this classic article Turing presented his well known imitation game and predicted that about the year 2000 "an average interrogator will not have more than 70 per cent chance of making the right identification after five minutes of questioning" in the imitation game. Based on the results of the Loebner 2000 contest and the accomplishments in the field of AI, as impressive as they are, Turing's prediction remains unfulfilled.

• Turing test
• artificial intelligence
• cognitive science
• intelligence
• philosophy

• Dartmouth College, Hanover, USA

  James H. Moor

Policies and ethics