The Circulation of Penicillin in Spain

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

   PDF

2. Introduction: The West, Spain and the Early Circulation of Penicillin

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 1-22

3. Fleming in Spain: The Hero, the Icon and the Politics of Public Acclaim

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 23-47

4. Manufacturing Penicillin: Industrial Policy, Gender and the Antibiotic Factory

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 49-81

5. Smuggling: The Management of Scarcity and Trade of Penicillin as a Post-War Commodity

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 83-105

6. Modern Times: Screening Antibiotics and the Factory Line

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 107-131

7. A Promising Drug: Bacteria, Antibiotics and Marketing in an Era of Economic Development

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 133-162

8. Beyond Healing: Antibiotic Resistance and Regulatory Regimes as Agents in the Spanish Transition to Democracy

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 163-184

9. Penicillin in Spain, 1940s–1980s: Circulating Health, Research and Gender

   • María Jesús Santesmases

   Pages 185-204

10. Final Reflections

    • María Jesús Santesmases

    Pages 205-207

11. Back Matter

    Pages 209-239

    PDF

This book reconstructs the early circulation of penicillin in Spain, a country exhausted by civil war (1936–1939), and oppressed by Franco’s dictatorship. Embedded in the post-war recovery, penicillin’s voyages through time and across geographies – professional, political and social – were both material and symbolic. This powerful antimicrobial captivated the imagination of the general public, medical practice, science and industry, creating high expectations among patients, who at times experienced little or no effect. Penicillin’s lack of efficacy against some microbes fueled the search for new wonder drugs and sustained a decades-long research agenda built on the post-war concept of development through scientific and technological achievements. This historical reconstruction of the social life of penicillin between the 1940s and 1980s – through the dictatorship to democratic transition – explores political, public, medical, experimental and gender issues, and the rise of antibiotic resistance.

• Penicillin
• Antiobiotics
• Medicine
• Spain
• Post-war
• Antimicrobial
• Pharmacist
• Pharmaceutical
• Civil War

“An important book that pushes the boundaries of the historiography of biomedicine in many ways, The Circulation of Penicillin in Spain is also an interesting read for beginners, thanks to comprehensive introductions to the twentieth-century history of Spain; the origins of industrial drug production; the genealogy of penicillin; the history of antibiotic development, screening, and resistance; the standardization of terminology; and European consumption and regulation policies.” (Agata Ignaciuk, Technology and Culture, Vol. 62 (2), April, 2021)

“Marıá Jesús Santesmases’s innovative new book, The Circulation of Penicillin in Spain, stands at the crossroads of two recent historiographies: science and technology under fascism, and the history of drugs. … Santesmases interweaves a story of biomedical politics and political economy with an on-the-ground exploration of gender and labor in the Spanish drug industry.” (Angela N. H. Creager, Journal of the History of Biology, August, 2018)​
“This is an excellent study on travelling concepts, material and practices that form the heart of modernity in the scientific culture that joins biology and medicine and pervades political, industrial, professional and popular domains. Focusing on Spain, as one of the national geographies which shared the process of knowing, making, using (and abusing) and firstly worship penicillin, it benefits from a dissective gaze to unravel the multiple layers of meaning associated to that scientific, therapeutic and symbolic object. Based on a thorough search in archives and the press, armed with a most pertinent critical bibliography and beautifully written the result is a magnificent work which illuminates the set of agents that participate in the circulation of penicillin and its significance for health, research and gender.” (Esteban Rodríguez-Ocaña, University of Granada, Spain)

“In this fast-paced account, Santesmases applies her detective-like archival skills to unearth the fascinatinghistory of penicillin – as miracle drug, research object, media phenomenon, commercial product, black market commodity, and global traveler – in post-war Spain. Marshalling the tools of science studies, gender analysis, and critical historiography, Santesmases brilliantly expands our understanding of the important role of antibiotics not only in the history of medicine and public health, but also in the political economy of Spain during Franco’s dictatorship and the subsequent transition to democracy.” (Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, University of California, San Francisco, USA)

• Instituto de Filosofía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain

  María Jesús Santesmases

María Jesús Santesmases is a Research Fellow in the Institute of Philosophy at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid. She is a historian of biology and has published on the twentieth-century history of molecular biology and biochemistry, genetics, antibiotics and women scientists. She is co-editor with Teresa Ortiz-Gómez of Gendered Drugs and Medicine (2014), and with Edna Suárez of A Cell-Based Epistemology: New Historical Approaches to Human Genetics, a special issue of the journal, Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences (2015).

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