Electrochemical Supercapacitors

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xxix

   PDF

2. Introduction and Historical Perspective

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 1-9

3. Similarities and Differences between Supercapacitors and Batteries for Storing Electrical Energy

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 11-31

4. Energetics and Elements of the Kinetics of Electrode Processes

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 33-65

5. Elements of Electrostatics Involved in Treatment of Double Layers and Ions at Capacitor Electrode Interphases

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 67-86

6. Behavior of Dielectrics in Capacitors and Theories of Dielectric Polarization

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 87-104

7. The Double Layer at Capacitor Electrode Interfaces: Its Structure and Capacitance

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 105-124

8. Theoretical Treatment and Modeling of the Double Layer at Electrode Interfaces

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 125-168

9. Behavior of the Double Layer in Nonaqueous Electrolytes and Nonaqueous Electrolyte Capacitors

   • B. E. Conway

   Pages 169-181

10. The Double Layer and Surface Functionalities at Carbon

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 183-220

11. Electrochemical Capacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 221-257

12. The Electrochemical Behavior of Ruthenium Oxide (RuO2) as a Material for Electrochemical Capacitors

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 259-297

13. Capacitance Behavior of Films of Conducting, Electrochemically Reactive Polymers

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 299-334

14. The Electrolyte Factor in Supercapacitor Design and Performance: Conductivity, Ion Pairing and Solvation

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 335-375

15. Electrochemical Behavior at Porous Electrodes; Applications to Capacitors

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    Pages 377-416

16. Energy Density and Power Density of Electrical Energy Storage Devices

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 417-477

17. AC Impedance Behavior of Electrochemical Capacitors and Other Electrochemical Systems

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 479-524

18. Treatments of Impedance Behavior of Various Circuits and Modeling of Double-Layer Capacitor Frequency Response

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 525-556

19. Self-Discharge of Electrochemical Capacitors in Relation to that at Batteries

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 557-596

20. Practical Aspects of Preparation and Evaluation of Electrochemical Capacitors

    • B. E. Conway

    Pages 597-607

The first model for the distribution of ions near the surface of a metal electrode was devised by Helmholtz in 1874. He envisaged two parallel sheets of charges of opposite sign located one on the metal surface and the other on the solution side, a few nanometers away, exactly as in the case of a parallel plate capacitor. The rigidity of such a model was allowed for by Gouy and Chapman inde­ pendently, by considering that ions in solution are subject to thermal motion so that their distribution from the metal surface turns out diffuse. Stern recognized that ions in solution do not behave as point charges as in the Gouy-Chapman treatment, and let the center of the ion charges reside at some distance from the metal surface while the distribution was still governed by the Gouy-Chapman view. Finally, in 1947, D. C. Grahame transferred the knowledge of the struc­ ture of electrolyte solutions into the model of a metal/solution interface, by en­ visaging different planes of closest approach to the electrode surface depending on whether an ion is solvated or interacts directly with the solid wall. Thus, the Gouy-Chapman-Stern-Grahame model of the so-called electrical double layer was born, a model that is still qualitatively accepted, although theoreti­ cians have introduced a number of new parameters of which people were not aware 50 years ago.

• Batterie
• development
• model
• modeling
• polymer
• polymers

`It is an excellent resource in that it provides a very comprehensive and in depth coverage of supercapacitor technology.'
IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 18:2 (2002)

• Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

  B. E. Conway