The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xii

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2. Graphical modeling using L-systems

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 1-50

3. Modeling of trees

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 51-62

4. Developmental models of herbaceous plants

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 63-97

5. Phyllotaxis

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 99-118

6. Models of plant organs

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 119-131

7. Animation of plant development

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 133-144

8. Modeling of cellular layers

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 145-174

9. Fractal properties of plants

   • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

   Pages 175-189

10. Epilogue

    • Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer

    Pages 190-191

11. Back Matter

    Pages 193-228

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The beauty of plants has attracted the attention of mathematicians for Mathematics centuries. Conspicuous geometric features such as the bilateral sym­ and beauty metry of leaves, the rotational symmetry of flowers, and the helical arrangements of scales in pine cones have been studied most exten­ sively. This focus is reflected in a quotation from Weyl [159, page 3], "Beauty is bound up with symmetry. " This book explores two other factors that organize plant structures and therefore contribute to their beauty. The first is the elegance and relative simplicity of developmental algorithms, that is, the rules which describe plant development in time. The second is self-similarity, char­ acterized by Mandelbrot [95, page 34] as follows: When each piece of a shape is geometrically similar to the whole, both the shape and the cascade that generate it are called self-similar. This corresponds with the biological phenomenon described by Herman, Lindenmayer and Rozenberg [61]: In many growth processes of living organisms, especially of plants, regularly repeated appearances of certain multicel­ lular structures are readily noticeable. . . . In the case of a compound leaf, for instance, some of the lobes (or leaflets), which are parts of a leaf at an advanced stage, have the same shape as the whole leaf has at an earlier stage. Thus, self-similarity in plants is a result of developmental processes. Growth and By emphasizing the relationship between growth and form, this book form follows a long tradition in biology.

• algorithms
• computer
• development
• graphics
• mathematics
• modelling
• plant
• plant development
• plants
• simulation

"This marvelous book will occupy an important place in the scientific literature." --Prof. Heinz-Otto Peitgen, author of The Beauty of Fractals "...will perform a valuable service by popularizing this enlightening and bewitching form of mathematics." --Steven Levy "...full of delights and an excellent introduction to L-systems" --Alvy Ray Smith, IEEE Graphics and its Applications

• Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Regina, Canada

  Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz