Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of fine particulate matters by using huge hourly datasets of PM2.5, including chemical information monitored at the 6 national intensive monitoring sites (NIMSs) from 2013 to 2018 in Korea. Hourly PM2.5 raw datasets were obtained from the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) in Korea. Monitoring sites included urban, rural/agricultural, industrial, and marine environments. Since the PM2.5 concentration steadily decreased nationwide, each species concentration also decreased in general. One of key reasons for decreasing PM2.5 might be explained by the implementation of domestic fine dust reduction policies and external influences such as PM2.5 concentration reduction in China. It was observed that 45.0% of all datasets for 6 years were classified as good condition. The average sum of 14 elements over all sites in 2018 was calculated to be 501.5 ng/m3, and its mass ratio for PM2.5 (21.9 μg/m3) was 2.30%. The inorganic elements were generally higher in industrial/urban areas than in agricultural areas. In addition, the average TC (total carbon) over all 6 sites was 28.3% of PM2.5 with the range of 23.6% to 31.4%. The TC in small urban areas was much higher than that in marine areas or even that in large, populated urban area/industrial areas. It seemed that the latter areas were better controlled than the former area in terms of combustion activities of fossil fuels. It is suggested that these results could be play an important role as important basic data to manage ambient air quality and establish effective emission reduction strategies in each region.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Almeida, S.M., Pio, C.A., Freitas, M.C., Reis, M.A., Trancoso, M.A. (2006) Approaching PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 source apportionment by mass balance analysis, principal component analysis and particle size distribution. Science of The Total Environment, 368(2–3), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.031
Chen, X., Yu, J.Z. (2007) Measurement of organic mass to organic carbon ratio in ambient aerosol samples using a gravimetric technique in combination with chemical analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 8857–8864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.023
Cheng, Z., Luo, L., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Sharma, S., Shimadera, H., Wang, X., Bressi, M., Miranda, R.M., Jiang, J., Zhou, W., Fajardo, O., Yan, N., Hao, J. (2016) Status and characteristics of ambient PM2.5 pollution in global megacities. Environmental International, 89–90, 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.003
Dockery, D.W., Stone, P.H. (2007) Cardiovascular risks from fine particulate air pollution. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 511–513. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMe068274
EEA (European Environment Agency) (2020) Air Quality in Europe-2020 Report, European Environment Agency Report No. 09/2020, 30–36. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/447035cd-344e-11eb-b27b-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1999) Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, Vol.1, EPA600/P-99/002a.
EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (2021) Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data: Criteria Pollutants National Tier 1 for 1970–2020. https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-inventories/air-pollutant-emissions-trends-data
Ham, J.Y., Lee, H.J., Cha, J.W., Ryoo, S.B. (2017) Potential source of PM10, PM2.5 and OC and EC in Seoul during spring 2016. Atmosphere Korean Meteorological Society, 27(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.1.041
Hodan, W.M., Barnard, W. (2004) Evaluating the contribution of PM2.5 precursor gases and re-entrained road emission to mobile source PM2.5 particulate matter emissions. Environmental Science. https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpus ID:28139041
Hopke, P.K. (1985) Receptor Modeling in Environmental Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 210–224.
Huang, X., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Hu, B., Wen, T., Tang, G., Zhang, J., Wu, F., Ji, D., Wang, L., Wang, Y. (2017) Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 at multiple sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 12941–12962. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-12941-2017
Im, D.Y., Lee, T.J., Jo, Y.M., Kim, D.S. (2021) Temporal analyses of PM data, estimation of the past unmonitored PM2.5 data and assessment of the COVID-19 effect at the background areas in Korea. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 37(4), 670–690. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.20212.37.4.670
Javed, W., Guo, B. (2021) Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse atmospheric particulate matter in Doha, Qatar. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 12(2), 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.10.015
Jo, G.G., Kim, D.W., Song, M.J. (2018) PM2.5 concentrations and chemical compositions in Jeonju from 2017 to 2018. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 34(6), 876–888. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2018.34.6.876
Kajino, M., Winiwarter, W., Ueda, H. (2006) Modeling retained water content in measured aerosol mass. Atmospheric Environment, 40(27), 5202–5213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.04.016
Kang, C.M., Lee, H.S., Kang, B.W., Lee, S.W., Sunwoo, Y. (2004) Chemical characteristics of acidic gas pollutants and PM2.5 species during hazy episodes in Seoul, South Korea. Atmospheric Environment, 38(28), 4749–4760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.05.007
Kim, D.S. (2013) Air pollution history, regulatory changes and remedial measures of the current regulatory regimes in Korea. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 29(4), 353–368. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2013.29.4.353
Kim, J.S., Hong, S.M., Kim, M.S., Kim, Y.Y., Shin, E.S. (2014) Distribution characteristics of PM10 and heavy metals in ambient air of Gyeonggi-do area using statistical analysis. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 30(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2014.30.3.281
Kim, J.A., Lim, S.H., Shang, X., Lee, M.H., Kang, K.S., Ghim, Y. S . (2020) Characteristics of PM2.5 chemical composition and high-concentration episodes observed in Jeju from 2013 to 2016. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 36(3), 388–403. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2020.36.3.388
KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) (2021) Open Met Data Portal. Korea Meteorological Administration. https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/html/en/aowdp.html
Kondratyev, K .Y., Ivlev, L.S., Krapivin, V.F., Varotsos, C.A. (2006) Atmospheric Aerosol Properties, Springer, 222–227.
KOSAE (Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment) (2018) Atmospheric Environment. Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment. DongHwa Technology Publishing Co. ISBN: 978-89-425-9152-7. pp. 87–138.
Matawie, J.L., Pervez, S., Dewangan, S., Shrivastava, A., Tiwari, S., Pant, P., Deb, M.K., Pervez, Y. (2015) Characterization of PM2.5 source profiles for traffic and dust sources in Raipur, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15(7), 2537–2546. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.04.0222
McMurry, P.H., Shepherd, M.F., Vickery, J.S. (2004) Particulate Matter Science for Policy Makers: A NARSTO Assessment. Cambridge University Press. USA. ISBN 0 521 84287 5. pp. 10–9113, 235–271.
Meng, Z., Seinfeld, J.H., Saxena, P., Kim, Y.P. (1995) Contribution of water to particulate mass in the south coast air basin. Aerosol Science and Technology, 22, 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829408959731
MOE (Ministry of Environment) (2018) Ministry of Environment press release to strengthen the PM2.5 standard to the level of the US and Japan. http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?menuId=286&boardMasterId=1&boardCategoryId=39&boardId=849570
MOE (Ministry of Environment) (2019a) Ministry of Environment press release of the special act on particulate matter on February 15th. http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?menuId=286&boardMasterId=1&boardCategoryId=39&boardId=939205
MOE(Ministry of Environment)(2019b) Comprehensive Plan for Particulate Matter (2020–2024). Ministry of Environment jointly with related Ministries on Nov. 1, 2019. http://www.me.go.kr/home/web/policy_data/read.do?menuId=10262&seq=7399
MOE (Ministry of Environment) (2019c) Ministry of Environment press release of the opening of the National Intensive Monitoring Site in Gyeonggi-do. http://me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do;jsessionid=GWrjXjkcJGXyxQHo0B4ur13m.mehome1?pagerOffset=40&maxPageItems=10&maxIndexPages=10&searchKey=&searchValue=&menuId=&orgCd=&boardId=991205&boardMasterId=1&boardCategoryId=39&decorator=
MOE (Ministry of Environment) (2020a) Annual Report of Air Quality in Korea. Korean Ministry of Environment. https://library.me.go.kr/#/search/detail/5700339?offset=5
MOE (Ministry of Environment) (2020b) 2017 National Air Pollution Emission. National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center Administrative Publication Registration Number 11-1481019-000001-10. National Statistical Approval Number 106033. http://airemiss.nier.go.kr/user/boardList.do?command=view&boardId=74&boardSeq=579&id=airemiss_040100000000&siteId=airemiss
NAEIR (National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center) (2019) 2018 Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). https://air.go.kr/jbmd/sub43.do?tabPage=4
NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research) (2019) Air Pollution Measurement Network Installation and Operation Guidelines. National Institute of Environmental Research. Administrative Publication Registration Number 11-1480523-003560-14. NIER-GP2019-004. https://ecolibrary.me.go.kr/nier/#/search/detail/5671447
Pachauri, T., Singla, V., Satsangi, A., Lakhani, A., Kumari, K.M. (2013) Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols with special reference to episodic events at Agra, India. Atmospheric Environment, 128, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.03.010
Park, J.S., Ryoo, J.Y., Jee, J.B., Song, M.J. (2020) Origins and distributions of atmospheric Ammonia in Jeonju during 2019–2020. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 36(2), 262–274. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2020.36.2.262
Park, M.B., Lee, T.J., Lee, E.S., Kim, D.S. (2019) Enhancing source identification of hourly PM2.5 data in Seoul based on a dataset segmentation scheme by positive matrix factorization (PMF). Atmospheric Pollutant Research, 10(4), 1042–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2019.01.013
Perrino, C., Catrambone, M., Farao, C., Canepari, S. (2016) Assessing the contribution of water to the mass closure of PM10. Atmospheric Environment, 140, 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.038
Seinfeld, J.H., Pandis, S.N. (2016) Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics from Air Pollution to Climate Change. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, USA.
Statista (2022) Average annual PM2.5 air pollution levels in Beijing, China between 2011 and 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/690823/china-annual-pm25-particle-levels-beijing/
Tan, J., Duan, J., He, K., Ma, Y., Duan, F., Chen, Y., Fu, J. (2009) Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during a typical haze episode in Guangzhou. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21(6), 774–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62340-2
Tsai, Y.I., Kuo, S.C. (2005) PM2.5 aerosol water content and chemical composition in a metropolitan and a coastal area in southern Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, 39(27), 4827–4839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.024
Ueda, H., Takemoto, T., Kim, Y.P., Sha, W. (2000) Behaviors of volatile inorganic components in urban aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00383-0
Um, J.H., Shin, J.H., Lee, M.H. (2020) Chemical Characteristics of Fine Dust (PM2.5) at Seoul in 2019. Seoul Institute of Health and Environment. ISBN 979-11-6599-098-5. https://cleanair.seoul.go.kr/board/download?fileType=FILE&bbsSeq=1089
WHO (World Health Organization) (2013) Air Pollution and Cancer, IARC Scientific Publication No. 161. ISBN 978-92-832-2166-1. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Scientific-Publications/Air-Pollution-And-Can-cer-2013
WHO(World Health Organization)(2021a) World Health Statistics 2021: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/342703
WHO (World Health Organization) (2021b) What are the WHO air quality guidelines? World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/what-are-the-who-air-quality-guidelines
Xu, M., Liu, Z., Hu, B., Yan, G., Zou, J., Zhao, S., Zhou, J., Liu, X., Zheng, X., Zhang, X., Cao, J., Guan, M., Lv., Y., Zhang, Y. (2021) Chemical characterization and source identification of PM2.5 in Luoyang after the clean air actions. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 115, 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.021
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Park, JM., Lee, TJ. & Kim, DS. Physicochemical Characteristics of PM2.5 Based on Long-term Hourly Data at National Intensive Monitoring Sites in Korea. Asian J. Atmos. Environ 16, 2022033 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2022.033
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2022.033