Abstract
Black Carbon (BC) is a major pollutant that poses immediate health as well as long-term climatic threat to human civilization. Globally, India and China are considered to be among the significant contributors of carbonaceous aerosol. Therefore, in the recent past, several studies on BC measurements have been conducted and reported in both these countries. Optical absorbance measurement techniques which give BC mass by measuring light absorbance of aerosol have been used widely. Keeping these facts in mind, here an attempt has been made to realise the current state of Equivalent Black Carbon (EBC) measurement done in both countries. Eighty EBC measurement studies published in last 15 years (2005–2020) are analysed on the basis of technique, instrumentation and various important parameters involved in measurements. It is found that EBC measurements in India and China contain large uncertainties, and available data are metrologically insufficient to realise spatial distribution and long-term temporal variation precisely. Furthermore, MERRA-2 Surface Black Carbon (SBC) levels and EBC measurements are compared and evaluated for biases between spatial and temporal variation of modelled data and ground measurements. It is observed that standardization of measurement technique and parameters involved in measurement is the need of the hour. Lack of a reference method creates inconsistency and discrepancy among the measurements. Recommendations for selection of parameter/instrument and cautious measures are provided as conclusion based on this review to improve overall metrology of BC.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Aggarwal, S.G., Kawamura, K. (2008) Molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in aerosols from Sapporo, Japan: Implications for photochemical aging during long-range atmospheric transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D14). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009365
Aggarwal, S.G., Kawamura, K. (2009) Carbonaceous and inorganic composition in long-range transported aerosols over northern Japan: Implication for aging of water-soluble organic fraction. Atmospheric Environment, 43(16), 2532–2540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.032
Apte, J.S., Kirchstetter, T.W., Reich, A.H., Deshpande, S.J., Kaushik, G., Chel, A., Marshall, J.D., Nazaroff, W.W. (2011) Concentrations of fine, ultrafine, and black carbon particles in auto-rickshaws in New Delhi, India. Atmospheric Environment, 45(26), 4470–4480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.028
Arnott, W.P., Moosmüller, H., Rogers, C.F., Jin, T., Bruch, R. (1999) Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring light absorption by aerosol: instrument description. Atmospheric Environment, 33(17), 2845–2852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00361-6
Arnott, W.P., Moosmüller, H., Sheridan, P.J., Ogren, J.A., Raspet, R., Slaton, W.V., Hand, J.L., Kreidenweis, S.M., Collett Jr, J.L. (2003) Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements: Instrument comparisons and the role of relative humidity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 108(D1), AAC-15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002165
Arnott, W.P., Hamasha, K., Moosmüller, H., Sheridan, P.J., Ogren, J.A. (2005) Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength aethalometer: Evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901972
Arnott, W.P., Walker, J.W., Moosmüller, H., Elleman, R.A., Jonsson, H.H., Buzorius, G., Conant, W.C., Flagan, R.C., Seinfeld, J.H. (2006) Photoacoustic insight for aerosol light absorption aloft from meteorological aircraft and comparison with particle soot absorption photometer measurements: DOE Southern Great Plains climate research facility and the coastal stratocumulus-imposed perturbation experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD005964
Aruna, K., Kumar, T.L., Rao, D.N., Murthy, B.K., Babu, S.S., Moorthy, K.K. (2013) Black carbon aerosols in a tropical semi-urban coastal environment: Effects of boundary layer dynamics and long-range transport. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 104, 116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.08.020
Backman, J., Schmeisser, L., Virkkula, A., Ogren, J.A., Asmi, E., Starkweather, S., Sharma, S., Eleftheriadis, K., Uttal, T., Jefferson, A., Bergin, M. (2017) On Aethalometer measurement uncertainties and an instrument correction factor for the Arctic. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10(12), 5039–5062. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-5039-2017
Bali, K., Mishra, A.K., Singh, S. (2017) Impact of anomalous forest fire on aerosol radiative forcing and snow cover over Himalayan region. Atmospheric Environment, 150, 264–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.061
Ballach, J., Hitzenberger, R., Schultz, E., Jaeschke, W. (2001) Development of an improved optical transmission technique for black carbon (BC) analysis. Atmospheric Environment, 35(12), 2089–2100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00499-4
Bano, T., Singh, S., Gupta, N.C., Soni, K., Tanwar, R.S., Nath, S., Arya, B.C., Gera, B.S. (2011) Variation in aerosol black carbon concentration and its emission estimates at the megacity Delhi. International journal of remote sensing, 32(21), 6749–6764. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.512943
Baumgardner, D., Popovicheva, O., Allan, J., Bernardoni, V., Cao, J., Cavalli, F., Cozic, J., Diapouli, E., Eleftheriadis, K., Genberg, P.J., Gonzalez, C. (2012) Soot reference materials for instrument calibration and intercomparisons: a workshop summary with recommendations. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5(8), 1869–1887. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1869-2012
Begam, G.R., Vachaspati, C.V., Ahammed, Y.N., Kumar, K.R., Babu, S.S., Reddy, R.R. (2016) Measurement and analysis of black carbon aerosols over a tropical semi-arid station in Kadapa, India. Atmospheric Research, 171, 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.014
Bergin, M.H., Cass, G.R., Xu, J., Fang, C., Zeng, L.M., Yu, T., Salmon, L.G., Kiang, C.S., Tang, X.Y., Zhang, Y.H., Chameides, W.L. (2001) Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 106(D16), 17969–17980. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900073
Bhat, M.A., Romshoo, S.A., Beig, G. (2017) Aerosol black carbon at an urban site-Srinagar, North western Himalaya, India: Seasonality, sources, meteorology and radiative forcing. Atmospheric Environment, 165, 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.07.004
Birks, J.W., Andersen, P.C., Williford, C.J., Turnipseed, A.A., Strunk, S.E., Ennis, C.A., Mattson, E. (2018) Folded tubular photometer for atmospheric measurements of NO2 and NO. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 11(5), 2821–2835. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-2821-2018
Birks, J.W., Andersen, P.C., Turnipseed, A.A., Williford, C.J. (2020) U.S. Patent No. 10,684,215. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Bisht, D.S., Dumka, U.C., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Pipal, A.S., Srivastava, A.K., Soni, V.K., Attri, S.D., Sateesh, M., Tiwari, S. (2015) Carbonaceous aerosols and pollutants over Delhi urban environment: temporal evolution, source apportionment and radiative forcing. Science of the Total Environment, 521, 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.083
Bisht, D.S., Tiwari, S., Dumka, U.C., Srivastava, A.K., Safai, P.D., Ghude, S.D., Chate, D.M., Rao, P.S.P., Ali, K., Prabhakaran, T., Panickar, A.S. (2016) Tethered balloon-born and ground-based measurements of black carbon and particulate profiles within the lower troposphere during the foggy period in Delhi, India. Science of the Total Environment, 573, 894–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.185
Bodhaine, B.A. (1995) Aerosol absorption measurements at Barrow, Mauna Loa and the south pole. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 100(D5), 8967–8975. https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD00513
Bond, T.C., Bergstrom, R.W. (2006) Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review. Aerosol Science and Technology, 40(1), 27–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500421521
Bond, T.C., Bhardwaj, E., Dong, R., Jogani, R., Jung, S., Roden, C., Streets, D.G., Trautmann, N.M. (2007) Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850–2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 21(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002840
Bond, T.C., Doherty, S.J., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Berntsen, T., DeAngelo, B.J., Flanner, M.G., Ghan, S., Kärcher, B., Koch, D., Kinne, S. (2013) Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(11), 5380–5552. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50171
Bosilovich, M.G., Akella, S., Coy, L., Cullather, R., Draper, C., Gelaro, R., Kovach, R., Liu, Q., Molod, A., Norris, P., Wargan, K. (2015) MERRA-2: Initial evaluation of the climate.
Bosilovich, M.G., Lucchesi, R., Suarez, M. (2016) MERRA-2: File Specification. GMAO Office 515 Note No. 9 (Version 1.1), 73, available from http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/office_notes.
Buchard, V., Da Silva, A.M., Colarco, P.R., Darmenov, A., Randles, C.A., Govindaraju, R., Torres, O., Campbell, J., Spurr, R. (2015) Using the OMI aerosol index and absorption aerosol optical depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15(10), 5743–5760. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-5743-2015
Cao, J.J., Zhu, C.S., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Han, Y.M., Wang, G.H., Shen, Z.X., An, Z.S. (2009) Black carbon relationships with emissions and meteorology in Xi’an, China. Atmospheric Research, 94(2), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.05.009
Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Engling, G., Zhang, R., Tao, J., Lin, M., Sang, X., Chan, C., Li, S., Li, Y. (2014) Characterization of fine particulate black carbon in Guangzhou, a megacity of South China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 5(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2014.042
Chen, Y., Schleicher, N., Fricker, M., Cen, K., Liu, X.L., Kaminski, U., Yu, Y., Wu, X.F., Norra, S. (2016) Long-term variation of black carbon and PM2.5 in Beijing, China with respect to meteorological conditions and governmental measures. Environmental Pollution, 212, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.008
Chen, X., Kang, S., Cong, Z., Yang, J., Ma, Y. (2018) Concentration, temporal variation, and sources of black carbon in the Mt. Everest region retrieved by real-time observation and simulation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(17), 12859–12875. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12859-2018
Chen, W., Tian, H., Zhao, H., Qin, K. (2020) Multichannel characteristics of absorbing aerosols in Xuzhou and implication of black carbon. Science of The Total Environment, 714, 136820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136820
Cheng, Y., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Wang, Y.Q., Cao, J.J., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G. (2006) Black carbon measurement in a coastal area of south China. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006663
Cheng, T., Han, Z., Zhang, R., Du, H., Jia, X., Wang, J., Yao, J. (2010) Black carbon in a continental semi-arid area of Northeast China and its possible sources of fire emission. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D23). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013523
China, M. (2012) Ambient air quality standards. GB 3095–2012. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing (Available through https://codeofchina.com/standard/GB3095-2012.html).
Corrigan, C.E., Ramanathan, V., Schauer, J.J. (2006) Impact of monsoon transitions on the physical and optical properties of aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006370
Das, N., Baral, S.S., Sahoo, S.K., Mohapatra, R.K., Ramulu, T.S., Das, S.N., Chaudhury, G.R. (2009) Aerosol physical characteristics at Bhubaneswar, East coast of India. Atmospheric Research, 93(4), 897–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.04.013
Drinovec, L., Močnik, G., Zotter, P., Prévôt, A.S.H., Ruckstuhl, C., Coz, E., Rupakheti, M., Sciare, J., Müller, T., Wiedensohler, A., Hansen, A.D.A. (2015) The “dual-spot” Aethalometer: an improved measurement of aerosol black carbon with real-time loading compensation. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(5), 1965–1979. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1965-2015
Dumka, U.C., Moorthy, K.K., Kumar, R., Hegde, P., Sagar, R., Pant, P., Singh, N., Babu, S.S. (2010) Characteristics of aerosol black carbon mass concentration over a high-altitude location in the Central Himalayas from multi-year measurements. Atmospheric Research, 96(4), 510–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.12.010
Dumka, U.C., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Tiwari, S., Safai, P.D., Attri, S.D., Soni, V.K., Singh, N., Mihalopoulos, N. (2018) Assessment of biomass burning and fossil fuel contribution to black carbon concentrations in Delhi during winter. Atmospheric Environment, 194, 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.033
Dumka, U.C., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Devara, P.C.S., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Tiwari, S., Gerasopoulos, E., Mihalopoulos, N. (2019) Year-long variability of the fossil fuel and wood burning black carbon components at a rural site in southern Delhi outskirts. Atmospheric Research, 216, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.09.016
Evangeliou, N., Platt, S.M., Eckhardt, S., Lund Myhre, C., Laj, P., Alados-Arboledas, L., Backman, J., Brem, B.T., Fiebig, M., Flentje, H., Marinoni, A. (2021) Changes in black carbon emissions over Europe due to COVID-19 lockdowns. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(4), 2675–2692. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2675-2021
Feng, J., Zhong, M., Xu, B., Du, Y., Wu, M., Wang, H., Chen, C. (2014) Concentrations, seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon in PM2.5 in Shanghai, China. Atmospheric Research, 147, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.04.018
Friedlingstein, P., Jones, M.W., O’sullivan, M., Andrew, R.M., Hauck, J., Peters, G.P., Peters, W., Pongratz, J., Sitch, S., Quéré, C.L., Bakker, D.C. (2019) Global carbon budget 2019. Earth System Science Data, 11(4), 1783–1838. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1783-2019
Ganguly, D., Jayaraman, A., Rajesh, T.A., Gadhavi, H. (2006) Wintertime aerosol properties during foggy and nonfoggy days over urban center Delhi and their implications for shortwave radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D15). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD007029
Gatari, M.J., Boman, J. (2003) Black carbon and total carbon measurements at urban and rural sites in Kenya, East Africa. Atmospheric Environment, 37(8), 1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01001-4
Gengchen, W., Jianhui, B., Qinxin, K., Emilenko, A. (2005) Black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in Beijing. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 22(5), 640–646. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2005AdAtS..22..640W/, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918707
Gogoi, M.M., Babu, S.S., Moorthy, K.K., Manoj, M.R., Chaubey, J.P. (2013) Absorption characteristics of aerosols over the north western region of India: Distinct seasonal signatures of biomass burning aerosols and mineral dust. Atmospheric Environment, 73, 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.03.009
Gogoi, M.M., Moorthy, K.K., Kompalli, S.K., Chaubey, J.P., Babu, S.S., Manoj, M.R., Nair, V.S., Prabhu, T.P. (2014) Physical and optical properties of aerosols in a free tropospheric environment: Results from long-term observations over western trans-Himalayas. Atmospheric Environment, 84, 262–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.029
Gupta, P., Singh, S.P., Jangid, A., Kumar, R. (2017) Characterization of black carbon in the ambient air of Agra, India: Seasonal variation and meteorological influence. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 34(9), 1082–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-017-6234-z
Gurjar, B.R., Butler, T.M., Lawrence, M.G., Lelieveld, J. (2008) Evaluation of emissions and air quality in megacities. Atmospheric Environment, 42(7), 1593–1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.10.048
Hansen, A.D.A., Schnell, R.C. (2005) The aethalometer. Magee Scientific Company, Berkeley, California, USA, 7.
Harren, F.J., Cristescu, S.M. (2006) Photoacoustic spectroscopy in trace gas monitoring. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry: Applications, Theory and Instrumentation, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470027318.a0718.pub3
Hitzenberger, R., Tohno, S. (2001) Comparison of black carbon (BC) aerosols in two urban areas - concentrations and size distributions. Atmospheric Environment, 35(12), 2153–2167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00480-5
Hyvärinen, A.P., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Sharma, V.P., Kerminen, V.M., Panwar, T.S., Viisanen, Y. (2009) Continuous measurements of optical properties of atmospheric aerosols in Mukteshwar, northern India. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 114(D8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011489
Hyvärinen, A.P., Lihavainen, H., Komppula, M., Panwar, T.S., Sharma, V.P., Hooda, R.K., Viisanen, Y. (2010) Aerosol measurements at the Gual Pahari EUCAARI station: preliminary results from in-situ measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(15), 7241–7252. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7241-2010
Janssen, N.A., Hoek, G., Simic-Lawson, M., Fischer, P., Van Bree, L., Ten Brink, H., Keuken, M., Atkinson, R.W., Anderson, H.R., Brunekreef, B., Cassee, F.R. (2011) Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(12), 1691–1699. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003369
Janssen, N.A., Nijland, M.E.G., Lanki, T., Salonen, R.O., Cassee, F., Hoek, G., Fischer, P., Brunekreef, B., Kryzanowski, M. (2012) Health Effects of Black Carbon, World Health Organisation, pp. 1–36.
Ji, D., Li, L., Pang, B., Xue, P., Wang, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y. (2017) Characterization of black carbon in an urban-rural fringe area of Beijing. Environmental Pollution, 223, 524–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.055
Jose, S., Gharai, B., Rao, P.V.N. (2016) Cross-sectional view of atmospheric aerosols over an urban location in Central India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(3), 761–775. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.04.0154
Kamyotra, J., Saha, D., Tyagi, S.K., Sen, A.K., Srivastava, R.C., Pathak, A. (2011) Guidelines for the Measurement of Ambient Air Pollutants.
Karanasiou, A., Minguillón, M.C., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Putaud, J.P., Maenhaut, W., Panteliadis, P., Močnik, G., Favez, O., Kuhlbusch, T.A. (2015) Thermal-optical analysis for the measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in ambient air a literature review. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 8(9), 9649–9712. https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-9649-2015
Kirchstetter, T.W., Novakov, T. (2007) Controlled generation of black carbon particles from a diffusion flame and applications in evaluating black carbon measurement methods. Atmospheric Environment, 41(9), 1874–1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.067
Klimont, Z., Kupiainen, K., Heyes, C., Purohit, P., Cofala, J., Rafaj, P., Borken-Kleefeld, J., Schöpp, W. (2017) Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17(14), 8681–8723. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-8681-2017
Kolhe, A.R., Aher, G.R., Ralegankar, S.D., Safai, P.D. (2018) Investigation of aerosol black carbon over semi-urban and urban locations in south-western India. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(6), 1111–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.04.010
Kondo, Y., Sahu, L., Kuwata, M., Miyazaki, Y., Takegawa, N., Moteki, N., Imaru, J., Han, S., Nakayama, T., Oanh, N.-K., Hu, M. (2009) Stabilization of the mass absorption cross section of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometry by the use of a heated inlet. Aerosol Science and Technology, 43(8), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820902889879
Kondo, Y., Sahu, L., Moteki, N., Khan, F., Takegawa, N., Liu, X., Koike, M., Miyakawa, T. (2011) Consistency and traceability of black carbon measurements made by laser-induced incandescence, thermal-optical transmittance, and filter-based photo-absorption techniques. Aerosol Science and Technology, 45(2), 295–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.533215
Krämer, L., Bozoki, Z., Niessner, R. (2002) Characterisation of a mobile photoacoustic sensor for atmospheric black carbon monitoring. In Analytical Sciences/Supplements Proceedings of 11th International Conference of Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena (s563-s566). The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.14891/analscisp.17icpp.0.s563.0
Kumar, R.R., Soni, V.K., Jain, M.K. (2020) Evaluation of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of black carbon aerosol mass concentration over India using three-year measurements from IMD BC observation network. Science of The Total Environment, 723, 138060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138060
Kuo, C.L. (2017) Assessments of Ali, Dome A, and Summit Camp for mm-wave observations using MERRA-2 reanalysis. The Astrophysical Journal, 848(1), 64. https://arxiv.org/ct?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Faa8b74&v=dc8369a9
Laborde, M., Schnaiter, M., Linke, C., Saathoff, H., Naumann, K.H., Möhler, O., Berlenz, S., Wagner, U., Taylor, J.W., Liu, D., Flynn, M. (2012) Single Particle Soot Photometer intercomparison at the AIDA chamber. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 5(12), 3077–3097. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-3077-2012
Lack, D.A., Lovejoy, E.R., Baynard, T., Pettersson, A., Ravishankara, A.R. (2006) Aerosol absorption measurement using photoacoustic spectroscopy: Sensitivity, calibration, and uncertainty developments. Aerosol Science and Technology, 40(9), 697–708. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-3077-2012
Lack, D.A., Cappa, C.D., Cross, E.S., Massoli, P., Ahern, A.T., Davidovits, P., Onasch, T.B. (2009) Absorption enhancement of coated absorbing aerosols: Validation of the photoacoustic technique for measuring the enhancement. Aerosol Science and Technology, 43(10), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820903117932
Lack, D.A., Moosmüller, H., McMeeking, G.R., Chakrabarty, R.K., Baumgardner, D. (2014) Characterizing elemental, equivalent black, and refractory black carbon aerosol particles: a review of techniques, their limitations and uncertainties. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 406(1), 99–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7402-3
Liu, Q., Ma, T., Olson, M.R., Liu, Y., Zhang, T., Wu, Y., Schauer, J.J. (2016) Temporal variations of black carbon during haze and non-haze days in Beijing. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33331
Liu, Y., Yan, C., Zheng, M. (2018) Source apportionment of black carbon during winter in Beijing. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 531–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.053
Lou, S., Mao, J., Wang, M. (2007) Observation of black carbon aerosol in Beijing, 2003. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 1(3), 345–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-007-0059-4
Lu, Z., Zhang, Q., Streets, D.G. (2011) Sulfur dioxide and primary carbonaceous aerosol emissions in China and India, 1996–2010. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11(18), 9839–9864. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9839-2011
Lugon, L., Vigneron, J., Debert, C., Chrétien, O., Sartelet, K. (2020) Black carbon modelling in urban areas: investigating the influence of resuspension and non-exhaust emissions in streets using the Street-in-Grid (SinG) model. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-386
Michelsen, H.A., Schulz, C., Smallwood, G.J., Will, S. (2015) Laser-induced incandescence: Particulate diagnostics for combustion, atmospheric, and industrial applications. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 51, 2–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2015.07.001
MicroAeth AE51 Operating Manual Rev 06 Updated Jul 2016. pdf (available through aethlabs.com).
Miyazaki, Y., Kondo, Y., Sahu, L.K., Imaru, J., Fukushima, N., Kano, M. (2008) Performance of a newly designed continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(10), 1195–1201. https://doi.org/10.1039/B806957C
Moloi, K., Chimidza, S., Lindgren, E.S., Viksna, A., Standzenieks, P. (2002) Black carbon, mass and elemental measurements of airborne particles in the village of Serowe, Botswana. Atmospheric Environment, 36(14), 2447–2457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00085-7
Moosmüller, H., Arnott, W.P., Rogers, C.F., Chow, J.C., Frazier, C.A., Sherman, L.E., Dietrich, D.L. (1998) Photoacoustic and filter measurements related to aerosol light absorption during the Northern Front Range Air Quality Study (Colorado 1996/1997). Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 103(D21), 28149–28157. https://doi.org/10.1029/98JD02618
Moosmüller, H., Chakrabarty, R.K., Arnott, W.P. (2009) Aerosol light absorption and its measurement: A review. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 110(11), 844–878. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2009.02.035
Navinya, C.D., Vinoj, V., Pandey, S.K. (2020) Evaluation of PM2.5 surface concentrations simulated by NASA’s MERRA Version 2 aerosol reanalysis over India and its relation to the air quality index. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(6), 1329–1339. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2019.12.0615
Nordmann, S., Birmili, W., Weinhold, K., Müller, K., Spindler, G., Wiedensohler, A. (2013) Measurements of the mass absorption cross section of atmospheric soot particles using Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(21), 12075–12085. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020021
Ohata, S., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Mori, T., Yoshida, A., Sinha, P.R., Koike, M. (2019) Accuracy of black carbon measurements by a filter-based absorption photometer with a heated inlet. Aerosol Science and Technology, 53(9), 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1627283
Ohata, S., Mori, T., Kondo, Y., Sharma, S., Hyvärinen, A., Andrews, E., Tunved, P., Asmi, E., Backman, J., Servomaa, H., Veber, D. (2021) Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 1–46. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-166
Onasch, T.B., Trimborn, A., Fortner, E.C., Jayne, J.T., Kok, G.L., Williams, L.R., Davidovits, P., Worsnop, D.R. (2012) Soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer: development, validation, and initial application. Aerosol Science and Technology, 46(7), 804–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2012.663948
Paliwal, U., Sharma, M., Burkhart, J.F. (2016) Monthly and spatially resolved black carbon emission inventory of India: uncertainty analysis. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(19), 12457–12476. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2015-978
Pant, P., Habib, G., Marshall, J.D., Peltier, R.E. (2017) PM2.5 exposures in highly polluted cities: A case study from New Delhi, India. Environmental Research, 156, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.024
Park, S.S., Hansen, A.D., Cho, S.Y. (2010) Measurement of real time black carbon for investigating spot loading effects of Aethalometer data. Atmospheric Environment, 44(11), 1449–1455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.01.025
Petzold, A., Kramer, H., Schönlinner, M. (2002) Continuous measurement of atmospheric black carbon using a multi-angle absorption photometer. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 9, 78–82.
Petzold, A., Schönlinner, M. (2004) Multi-angle absorption photometry - a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon. Journal of Aerosol Science, 35(4), 421–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2003.09.005
Petzold, A., Ogren, J.A., Fiebig, M., Laj, P., Li, S.M., Baltensperger, U., Holzer-Popp, T., Kinne, S., Pappalardo, G., Sugimoto, N., Wehrli, C. (2013) Recommendations for reporting “black carbon” measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(16), 8365–8379. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8365-2013
Pfenninger, S., Staffell, I. (2016) Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validated hourly reanalysis and satellite data. Energy, 114, 1251–1265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.060
Qin, W., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Yu, Q., Cheng, S., Li, W., Liu, X., Tian, H. (2019) Variation, sources and historical trend of black carbon in Beijing, China based on ground observation and MERRA-2 reanalysis data. Environmental Pollution, 245, 853–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.063
Raga, G.B., Kuylenstierna, J., Claxtone, R., Schindell, D., Foltescu, V., Cong, H., Parnell, N.B. (2018) Addressing Black Carbon Emission Inventories. Climate and Clean Air Coalition.
Ramachandran, S., Kedia, S. (2010) Black carbon aerosols over an urban region: Radiative forcing and climate impact. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013560
Ran, L., Deng, Z.Z., Wang, P.C., Xia, X.A. (2016) Black carbon and wavelength-dependent aerosol absorption in the North China Plain based on two-year aethalometer measurements. Atmospheric Environment, 142, 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.07.014
Rana, A., Jia, S., Sarkar, S. (2019) Black carbon aerosol in India: A comprehensive review of current status and future prospects. Atmospheric Research, 218, 207–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.12.002
Reddy, B.S.K., Kumar, K.R., Balakrishnaiah, G., Gopal, K.R., Reddy, R.R., Reddy, L.S.S., Ahammed, Y.N., Narasimhulu, K., Moorthy, K.K., Babu, S.S. (2012) Potential source regions contributing to seasonal variations of black carbon aerosols over Anantapur in Southeast India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12(3), 344–358. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.10.0159
Ren, X. (2020) From a comparative gesture to structured comparison: an analysis of air pollution control in Beijing and Delhi. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 13(3), 461–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsaa017
Rohde, R.A., Muller, R.A. (2015) Air pollution in China: mapping of concentrations and sources. PloS One, 10(8), e0135749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135749
Sandeep, P., Saradhi, I.V., Pandit, G.G. (2013) Seasonal variation of black carbon in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at the tropical coastal city of Mumbai, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 91(5), 605–610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-013-1108-2
Satheesh, S.K., Vinoj, V., Moorthy, K.K. (2011) Weekly periodicities of aerosol properties observed at an urban location in India. Atmospheric Research, 101(1–2), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.03.003
Schleicher, N., Norra, S., Fricker, M., Kaminski, U., Chen, Y., Chai, F., Wang, S., Yu, Y., Cen, K. (2013) Spatio-temporal variations of black carbon concentrations in the Megacity Beijing. Environmental Pollution, 182, 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.042
Schmid, H., Laskus, L., Abraham, H.J., Baltensperger, U., Lavanchy, V., Bizjak, M., Burba, P., Cachier, H., Crow, D., Chow, J., Gnauk, T. (2001) Results of the “carbon conference” international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmospheric Environment, 35(12), 2111–2121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3
Schmid, O.T.M.A.R., Artaxo, P.A.U.L.O., Arnott, W.P., Chand, D., Gatti, L.V., Frank, G.P., Hoffer, A., Schnaiter, M., Andreae, M.O. (2006) Spectral light absorption by ambient aerosols influenced by biomass burning in the Amazon Basin. I: Comparison and field calibration of absorption measurement techniques. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6(11), 3443–3462. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-3443-2006
Schwarz, J.P., Gao, R.S., Fahey, D.W., Thomson, D.S., Watts, L.A., Wilson, J.C., Reeves, J.M., Darbeheshti, M., Baumgardner, D.G., Kok, G.L., Chung, S.H. (2006) Single-particle measurements of midlatitude black carbon and light-scattering aerosols from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D16). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007076
Schwarz, J.P., Spackman, J.R., Gao, R.S., Perring, A.E., Cross, E., Onasch, T.B., Ahern, A., Wrobel, W., Davidovits, P., Olfert, J., Dubey, M.K. (2010) The detection efficiency of the single particle soot photometer. Aerosol Science and Technology, 44(8), 612–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.481298
Sedlacek, A.J. (2016) AethalometerTM Instrument Handbook (No. DOE/SC-ARM-TR-156). DOE Office of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program (United States).
Shamjad, P.M., Tripathi, S.N., Thamban, N.M., Vreeland, H. (2016) Refractive index and absorption attribution of highly absorbing brown carbon aerosols from an urban Indian City-Kanpur. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37735
Sharma, S., Leaitch, W.R., Huang, L., Veber, D., Kolonjari, F., Zhang, W., Hanna, S.J., Bertram, A.K., Ogren, J.A. (2017) a An evaluation of three methods for measuring black carbon in Alert, Canada. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,(1724), 15225–15243. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-15225-2017
Sharma, D., Srivastava, A.K., Ram, K., Singh, A., Singh, D. (2017b) Temporal variability in aerosol characteristics and its radiative properties over Patiala, north western part of India: Impact of agricultural biomass burning emissions. Environmental Pollution, 231, 1030–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.052
Sharma, M.C., Pandey, V.K., Kumar, R., Latief, S.U., Chakrawarthy, E., Acharya, P. (2018) Seasonal characteristics of black carbon aerosol mass concentrations and influence of meteorology, New Delhi (India). Urban Climate, 24, 968–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.12.002
Shen, L., Li, L., Lü, S., Zhang, X., Liu, J., An, J., Zhang, G., Wu, B., Wang, F. (2015) Characteristics of black carbon aerosol in Jiaxing, China during autumn 2013. Particuology, 20, 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2014.08.002
Sheridan, P.J., Arnott, W.P., Ogren, J.A., Andrews, E., Atkinson, D.B., Covert, D.S., Moosmüller, H., Petzold, A., Schmid, B., Strawa, A.W., Varma, R. (2005) The Reno Aerosol Optics Study: An evaluation of aerosol absorption measurement methods. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901891
Sigrist, M.W. (2003) Trace gas monitoring by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy and related techniques (plenary). Review of Scientific Instruments, 74(1), 486–490. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1512697
Singh, S., Soni, K., Bano, T., Tanwar, R.S., Nath, S., Arya, B.C. (2010) Clear-sky direct aerosol radiative forcing variations over mega-city Delhi. Annales Geophysicae, 28(5), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1157-2010
Singh, S., Fiddler, M.N., Bililign, S. (2016) Measurement of size-dependent single scattering albedo of fresh biomass burning aerosols using the extinction-minus-scattering technique with a combination of cavity ring-down spectroscopy and nephelometry. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 16(21), 13491–13507. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13491-2016
Sitnov, S.A., Mokhov, I.I., Likhosherstova, A.A. (2020) Exploring large-scale blackcarbon air pollution over Northern Eurasia in summer 2016 using MERRA-2 reanalysis data. Atmospheric Research, 235, 104763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104763
Snelling, D.R., Smallwood, G.J., Liu, F., Gülder, Ö.L., Bachalo, W. D. (2005) A calibration-independent laser-induced incandescence technique for soot measurement by detecting absolute light intensity. Applied Optics, 44(31), 6773–6785. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.006773
Song, S., Wu, Y., Xu, J., Ohara, T., Hasegawa, S., Li, J., Yang, L., Hao, J. (2013) Black carbon at a roadside site in Beijing: Temporal variations and relationships with carbon monoxide and particle number size distribution. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.04.055
Springston, S.R. (2018) Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) Instrument Handbook. DOE ARM Climate Research Facility: Washington, DC, USA.
Sreekanth, V., Niranjan, K., Madhavan, B.L. (2007) Radiative forcing of black carbon over eastern India. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(17), L17818. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL030377
Srivastava, A.K., Bisht, D.S., Ram, K., Tiwari, S., Srivastava, M.K. (2014) Characterization of carbonaceous aerosols over Delhi in Ganga basin: seasonal variability and possible sources. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(14), 861078619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2660-y
Srivastava, P., Dey, S., Srivastava, A.K., Singh, S., Tiwari, S. (2018) Most probable mixing state of aerosols in Delhi NCR, northern India. Atmospheric Research, 200, 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.09.018
Stephens, M., Turner, N., Sandberg, J. (2003) Particle identification by laser-induced incandescence in a solid-state laser cavity. Applied Optics, 42(19), 3726–3736. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.42.003726
Surendran, D.E., Beig, G., Ghude, S.D., Panicker, A.S., Manoj, M.G., Chate, D., Ali, K. (2013) Radiative forcing of black carbon over Delhi. International Journal of Photoenergy, 2013, 313652. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/313652
Talukdar, S., Jana, S., Maitra, A., Gogoi, M.M. (2015) Characteristics of black carbon concentration at a metropolitan city located near land-ocean boundary in Eastern India. Atmospheric Research, 153, 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.10.014
Tang, L., Niu, S., Yan, M., Li, X., Zhang, X., Zhu, Y., Shen, H., Xu, M., Tang, L. (2011) Observational study of black carbon in the North Suburb of Nanjing, China. In Advanced Air Pollution. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/17183
Tiwari, S., Srivastava, A.K., Bisht, D.S., Bano, T., Singh, S., Behura, S., Srivastava, M.K., Chate, D.M., Padmanabhamurty, B. (2009) Black carbon and chemical characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 at an urban site of North India. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 62(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-010-9148-z
Tiwari, S., Srivastava, A.K., Bisht, D.S., Parmita, P., Srivastava, M.K., Attri, S.D. (2013) Diurnal and seasonal variations of black carbon and PM2.5 over New Delhi, India: Influence of meteorology. Atmospheric Research, 125, 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.011
Tiwari, S., Bisht, D.S., Srivastava, A.K., Pipal, A.S., Taneja, A., Srivastava, M.K., Attri, S.D. (2014) Variability in atmospheric particulates and meteorological effects on their mass concentrations over Delhi, India. Atmospheric Research, 145, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.03.027
Tiwari, S., Kumar, R., Tunved, P., Singh, S., Panicker, A.S. (2016a) Significant cooling effect on the surface due to soot particles over Brahmaputra River Valley region, India: An impact on regional climate. Science of the Total Environment, 562, 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.157
Tiwari, S., Dumka, U.C., Hopke, P.K., Tunved, P., Srivastava, A.K., Bisht, D.S., Chakrabarty, R.K. (2016b) Atmospheric heating due to black carbon aerosol during the summer monsoon period over Ballia: A rural environment over Indo-Gangetic Plain. Atmospheric Research, 178, 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.04.008
Tumolva, L., Park, J.Y., Kim, J.S., Miller, A.L., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Park, K. (2010) Morphological and elemental classification of freshly emitted soot particles and atmospheric ultrafine particles using the TEM/EDS. Aerosol Science and Technology, 44(3), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820903518907
Tyagi, S., Tiwari, S., Mishra, A., Singh, S., Hopke, P.K., Singh, S., Attri, S.D. (2017) Characteristics of absorbing aerosols during winter foggy period over the National Capital Region of Delhi: Impact of planetary boundary layer dynamics and solar radiation flux. Atmospheric Research, 188, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.01.001
Tyagi, C., Gupta, N.C., Soni, V.K., Sarma, K. (2020) Seasonal variation of black carbon emissions in urban Delhi, India. Environmental Claims Journal, 32(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2019.1699723
Udayasoorian, C., Jayabalakrishnan, R.M., Suguna, A.R., Gogoi, M.M., Suresh Babu, S. (2014) Aerosol black carbon characteristics over a high-altitude Western Ghats location in Southern India. In Annales Geophysicae, 32(10), 1361–1371). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-1361-2014
Virkkula, A., Ahlquist, N.C., Covert, D.S., Arnott, W.P., Sheridan, P.J., Quinn, P.K., Coffman, D.J. (2005) Modification, calibration and a field test of an instrument for measuring light absorption by particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/027868290901963
Virkkula, A., Mäkelä, T., Hillamo, R., Yli-Tuomi, T., Hirsikko, A., Hämeri, K., Koponen, I.K. (2007) A simple procedure for correcting loading effects of aethalometer data. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 57(10), 1214–1222. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.10.1214
Virkkula, A. (2010) Correction of the calibration of the 3-wavelength Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (3λ PSAP). Aerosol Science and Technology, 44(8), 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.482110
Virkkula, A., Chi, X., Ding, A., Shen, Y., Nie, W., Qi, X., Zheng, L., Huang, X., Xie, Y., Wang, J., Petäjä., T. (2015) On the interpretation of the loading correction of the aethalometer. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8(10), 4415–4427. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-4415-2015
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Kondo, Y., Kajino, M., Munger, J.W., Hao, J. (2011) Black carbon and its correlation with trace gases at a rural site in Beijing: Top-down constraints from ambient measurements on bottom-up emissions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116(D24). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD016575
Wang, R., Tao, S., Wang, W., Liu, J., Shen, H., Shen, G., Wang, B., Liu, X., Li, W., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y. (2012) Black carbon emissions in China from 1949 to 2050. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(14), 7595–7603. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3003684
Wang, H., He, Q., Chen, Y., Kang, Y. (2014) Characterization of black carbon concentrations of haze with different intensities in Shanghai by a three-year field measurement. Atmospheric Environment, 99, 536–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.025
Wang, H., An, J., Zhu, B., Shen, L., Duan, Q., Shi, Y. (2017a) Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in a typical industrial city - Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China: size distributions, seasonal variations, and sources. Atmosphere, 8(4), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos8040073
Wang, G., Yi, H., Hubert, P., Deguine, A., Petitprez, D., Maamary, R., Fertein, E., Rey, J.M., Sigrist, M.W., Chen, W. (2017b) Filter-free measurements of black carbon absorption using photoacoustic spectroscopy. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 10111, 1011136. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2251093
Wang, Y., de Foy, B., Schauer, J.J., Olson, M.R., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, Y. (2017c) Impacts of regional transport on black carbon in Huairou, Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 221, 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.006
Wang, Q., Li, L., Zhou, J., Ye, J., Dai, W., Liu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, R., Tian, J., Chen, Y., Wu., Y. (2020) Measurement report: Source and mixing state of black carbon aerosol in the North China Plain: implications for radiative effect. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 20(23), 15427–15442. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-15427-2020
Weingartner, E., Saathoff, H., Schnaiter, M., Streit, N., Bitnar, B., Baltensperger, U. (2003) Absorption of light by soot particles: determination of the absorption coefficient by means of aethalometers. Journal of Aerosol Science, 34(10), 1445–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00359-8
Wu, D., Mao, J., Deng, X., Tie, X., Zhang, Y., Zeng, L., Li, F., Tan, H., Bi, X., Huang, X., Chen, J. (2009) Black carbon aerosols and their radiative properties in the Pearl River Delta region. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 52(8), 1152–1163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-009-0115-y
Wu, D., Wu, C., Liao, B., Chen, H., Wu, M., Li, F., Tan, H., Deng, T., Li, H., Jiang, D., Yu, J.Z. (2013) Black carbon over the South China Sea and in various continental locations in South China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 13(24), 12257–12270. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12257-2013
Wu, Y., Zhang, R., Tian, P., Tao, J., Hsu, S.C., Yan, P., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Zhang, X., Xia, X. (2016) Effect of ambient humidity on the light absorption amplification of black carbon in Beijing during January 2013. Atmospheric Environment, 124, 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.04.041
Xia, Y., Wu, Y., Huang, R.J., Xia, X., Tang, J., Wang, M., Li, J., Wang, C., Zhou, C., Zhang, R. (2020) Variation in black carbon concentration and aerosol optical properties in Beijing: Role of emission control and meteorological transport variability. Chemosphere, 254, 126849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126849
Xiao, S., Yu, X., Zhu, B., Kumar, K.R., Li, M., Li, L. (2020) Characterization and source apportionment of black carbon aerosol in the Nanjing Jiangbei New Area based on two years of measurements from Aethalometer. Journal of Aerosol Science, 139, 105461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105461
Xu, J., Zhang, Q., Chen, M., Ge, X., Ren, J., Qin, D. (2014) Chemical composition, sources, and processes of urban aerosols during summertime in northwest China: insights from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 14(23), 12593–12611. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-12593-2014
Xu, X., Yang, X., Zhu, B., Tang, Z., Wu, H., Xie, L. (2020a) Characteristics of MERRA-2 black carbon variation in east China during 2000–2016. Atmospheric Environment, 222, 117140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117140
Xu, L., Zhang, J., Sun, X., Xu, S., Shan, M., Yuan, Q., Liu, L., Du, Z., Liu, D., Xu, D., Song, C. (2020b) Variation in Concentration and Sources of Black Carbon in a Megacity of China During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(23), 2020GL090444. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090444
Xue, P., Ji, D.S., An, J.L., Cao, W., Fu, S.M., Wei, J., Li, Z.Q., Zhou, Y.X., Miao, C.Y., Wang, Y.S. (2018) Continuous observation of black carbon aerosol during winter in urban Beijing, China. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 11(6), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2018.1528136
Yan, P., Tang, J., Huang, J., Mao, J.T., Zhou, X.J., Liu, Q., Wang, Z.F., Zhou, H.G. (2008) The measurement of aerosol optical properties at a rural site in Northern China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(8), 2229–2242. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2229-2008
Yu, L., Wang, G., Zhang, R., Zhang, L., Song, Y., Wu, B., Li, X., An, K., Chu, J. (2013) Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in an urban environment in Beijing. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(2), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.07.0192
Zha, S., Cheng, T., Tao, J., Zhang, R., Chen, J., Zhang, Y., Leng, C., Zhang, D., Du, J. (2014) Characteristics and relevant remote sources of black carbon aerosol in Shanghai. Atmospheric Research, 135, 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.09.002
Zhang, X., Rao, R., Huang, Y., Mao, M., Berg, M.J., Sun, W. (2015) Black carbon aerosols in urban central China. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 150, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.03.006
Zhang, X., Ming, J., Li, Z., Wang, F., Zhang, G. (2017) The online measured black carbon aerosol and source orientations in the Nam Co region, Tibet. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(32), 25021–25033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0165-1
Zhang, L., Shen, F., Gao, J., Cui, S., Yue, H., Wang, J., Chen, M., Ge, X. (2020) a Characteristics and potential sources of black carbon particles in suburban Nanjing, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research,(115), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.02.011
Zhang, X., Cheng, T., Guo, H., Bao, F., Shi, S., Wang, W., Zuo, X. (2020b) Study on the characteristics of black carbon during atmospheric pollution conditions in Beijing. Science of The Total Environment, 733, 139112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139112
Zhao, S., Ming, J., Xiao, C., Sun, W., Qin, X. (2012) A preliminary study on measurements of black carbon in the atmosphere of northwest Qilian Shan. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24(1), 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60739-0
Zhao, S., Tie, X., Cao, J., Li, N., Li, G., Zhang, Q., Zhu, C., Long, X., Li, J., Feng, T., Su, X. (2015) Seasonal variation and four-year trend of black carbon in the Mid-west China: The analysis of the ambient measurement and WRF-Chem modelling. Atmospheric Environment, 123, 430–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.05.008
Zhou, X., Gao, J., Wang, T., Wu, W., Wang, W. (2009) Measurement of black carbon aerosols near two Chinese megacities and the implications for improving emission inventories. Atmospheric Environment, 43(25), 3918–3924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.062
Zhou, B., Wang, Q., Zhou, Q., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., Fang, N., Li, M., Cao, J. (2018) Seasonal characteristics of black carbon aerosol and its potential source regions in Baoji, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18(2), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.4209/AAQR.2017.02.0070
Zhuang, B.L., Wang, T.J., Liu, J., Li, S., Xie, M., Yang, X.Q., Fu, C.B., Sun, J.N., Yin, C.Q., Liao, J.B., Zhu, J.L. (2014) Continuous measurement of black carbon aerosol in urban Nanjing of Yangtze River Delta, China. Atmospheric Environment, 89, 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.02.052
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Malik, A., Aggarwal, S.G. A Review on the Techniques Used and Status of Equivalent Black Carbon Measurement in Two Major Asian Countries. Asian J. Atmos. Environ 15, 2021044 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.044
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2021.044