Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome is a condition frequently found among individuals. It predisposes affected individuals to systemic inflammation and physical inactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of metabolic syndrome and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels as markers of systemic inflammation in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with different severity levels and in an age-matched and sex-matched control group.
Patients and methods
One hundred COPD patients and 50 controls were included in this study. The severity level in patients with COPD was determined according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I−IV, we measured the characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation (high-sensitivity Creactive protein).
Results
The frequency of metabolic syndrome was found to be higher in the patient group than in control individuals, especially in GOLD stages I and II. Abdominal obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia components of metabolic syndrome were significantly more prevalent in the patient group (P <0.05 for all). Increased CRP levels were higher in control and patient groups in all GOLD stages, with metabolic syndrome than without metabolic syndrome. P-values for control group and GOLD stages I–IV were 0.044, 0.483, less than 0.01, 0.048, and 0.076, respectively.
Conclusion
Metabolic syndrome is substantial among stable COPD patients, especially in the early stages (GOLD stages I−II). Abdominal obesity, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were significantly more in COPD patients with metabolic syndrome. An impaired profile of CRP levels was found in patients and control groups with metabolic syndrome than in individuals without metabolic syndrome.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agustí AG, Jones PW, Vogelmeier C, Anzueto A, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:347–365.
Groenewegen KH, Postma DS, Hop WC, Wielders PL, Schlösser NJ, Wouters EF, COSMIC Study Group. Increased systemic inflammation is a risk factor for COPD exacerbations. Chest 2008; 133:350–357.
Agustí A. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: what we know and what we don’t know (but should). Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:522–525.
Mora S, Lee IM, Buring JE, Ridker PM. Association of physical activity and body mass index with novel and traditional cardiovascular biomarkers in women. JAMA 2006; 295:1412–1419.
Watz H, Waschki B, Boehme C, Claussen M, Meyer T, Magnussen H. Extrapulmonary effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on physical activity: a cross-sectional study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:743–751.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287:356–359.
Dandona P, Aljada A, Chaudhuri A, Mohanty P, Garg R. Metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive perspective based on interactions between obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. Circulation 2005; 111:1448–1454.
Ford ES, Kohl HWIII, Mokdad AH, Ajani UA. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Obes Res 2005; 13:608–614.
Crisafulli E, Costi S, Luppi F, Cirelli G, Cilione C, Coletti O, et al. Role of comorbidities in a cohort of patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Thorax 2008; 63:487–492.
Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, Morgenstern BZ. Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation 1993; 88(Pt 1):2460–2470.
Lohmann T, Roche ARM. The Airlie (VA) consensus: standardization of anthropometric measurements. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetic Publishers; 1988. 39–80.
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant C, for the Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Definition. Circulation 2004; 109:433–438.
Barnes PJ, Celli BR. Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 33:1165–1185.
Moebus S, Hanisch JU, Aidelsburger P, Bramlage P, Wasem J, Jöckel KH. Impact of 4 different definitions used for the assessment of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in primary healthcare: The German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2007; 6:22.
Pinto-Plata VM, Müllerova H, Toso JF, Feudjo-Tepie M, Soriano JB, Vessey RS, Celli BR. C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and nonsmokers. Thorax 2006; 61:23–28.
Wouters EF, Groenewegen KH, Dentener MA, Vernooy JH. Systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of exacerbations. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:626–634.
Broekhuizen R, Wouters EF, Creutzberg EC, Schols AM. Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD. Thorax 2006; 61:17–22.
Gläser S, Ittermann T, Koch B, Völzke H, Wallaschofski H, Nauck M, et al. Airflow limitation, lung volumes and systemic inflammation in a general population. Eur Respir J 2012; 39:29–37.
Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:911–919; quiz 920.
Thorand B, Baumert J, Döring A, Herder C, Kolb H, Rathmann W, et al. KORA Group. Sex differences in the relation of body composition to markers of inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184:216–224.
Poulain M, Doucet M, Drapeau V, Fournier G, Tremblay A, Poirier P, Maltais F. Metabolic and inflammatory profile in obese patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2008; 5:35–41.
Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghé B, Rabe KF. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 31:204–212.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Ghatas, T. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Egypt J Bronchol 11, 11–15 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4103/1687-8426.198983
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1687-8426.198983