Abstract
Accurate measurement and determination of the state of the ionosphere has become a key point as ground-based communication systems become more space dependent. However, due to limited infrastructure, a number of global models have been developed with extensive interpolation techniques to comprehensively describe ionospheric dynamics. As a result, most global models do not perform adequately in regions with a paucity of ionospheric measurements. In this paper, the most recent International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2012) model output, Total Electron Content (TEC) and F2 layer critical frequency (foF2), are optimized (over a range of 120 ° E–150 ° E and 20 ° N–50 ° N in longitude and latitude, respectively). To obtain the optimal solution, we adjust two input parameters, the 12-month running mean sun spot number (R12) and the ionospheric index (IG12), in relation to the derived Global Positioning System (GPS) vertical TEC (VTEC). The results are compared to the measured TEC and foF2 from GPS receivers and ionosondes, respectively. The analysis shows that the modified IRI-2012 model is more accurate at estimating both the TEC and the foF2 values than the original model during days of geomagnetic quiet and disturbance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
G. A. Hajj, B. D. Wilson, C. Wang, X. Pi and I. G. Rosen, Radio Sci. 39, RS1S05 (2004).
G. Jee, H. B. Lee, Y. H. Kim, J. K. Chung and J. Cho, J. Geophys. Res. 115, A10319 (2010).
M. Herńandez-Pajares, J. M. Juan and J. Sanz, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 61, 1237 (1999).
M. Herńandez-Pajares, J. M. Juan, J. Sanz, R. Orus, Garcia-Rigo A, J. Feltens, A. Komjathy, S. C. Schaer and A. Krankowski, J. Geod. 83, 263 (2009).
D. Bilitza, Radio Sci. 21, 343 (1986).
D. Bilitza, L. A. McKinnell, B. Reinisch and T. Fuller-Rowell, J. Geod. 85, 909 (2011).
D. Bilitza, Radio Sci. 36, 261 (2001).
D. Bilitza and B. W. Reinisch, Adv. Space Res. 42, 599 (2008).
L. A. McKinnel and A. W. V. Poole, South African J. Sci. 100, 519 (2004).
H. Lühr and C. Xiong, Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L23101 (2010).
D. Okoh, L. A. McKinnell and P. J. Cilliers, Ann. Geophys. 28, 1431 (2010).
J. B. Habarulema, L. A. McKinnell and B. D. Opperman, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A04314 (2011).
N. Ssessanga, L. A. McKinnell and J. B. Habarulema, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 112, 20 (2014).
Y. Asmare, T. Kassa and M. Nigussie, Adv. Space Res. 53, 1582 (2014).
M. Schmidt, D. Bilitza, C. K. Shum and C. Zeilhofer, Adv. Space Res. 42, 782 (2008).
C. Zeilhofer, M. Schmidt, D. Bilitza and C. K. Shum, Adv. Space Res. 43, 1669 (2009).
D. Okoh, L. A. McKinnell, P. Cilliers and P. Okeke, Adv. Space Res. 52, 1791 (2013).
P. Spalla and L. Cairolo, Ann. Geophys. 37, 929 (1994).
Z. Houminer and H. Soicher, Radio Sci. 31, 1099 (1996).
S. Kouris, T. D. Xenos, K. V. Polimeris and D. Stergiou, Ann. Geophys. 47, 1325 (2004).
L. Perrone and G. De Franceschi, Ann. Geophys. 41, 5 (1998).
CCIR, Atlas of ionospheric characteristics. Report 371. Comité Consultatif International des Radio Communications, Genève (1991).
N. Balan, G. J. Bailey, B. Jenkins, P. B. Rao and R. J. Moffett, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 2243 (1994).
Y. T. Chiu, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 37, 1563 (1975).
P. A. Smith and J. W. King, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 43, 1057 (1981).
M. S. V. Gopal Rao and R. Sambasiva Rao, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 31, 1119 (1969).
R. Y. Liu, P. A. Smith and J. W. King, Telecommun. J. 50, 408 (1983).
CCIR, Atlas of ionospheric characteristics. Report 340-1, 340-6. Comité Consultatif International des Radio Communications, Genève (1966).
C. Rush, M. Fox, D. Bilitza, K. Davies, L. McNamara, F. Stewart and M. PoKempner, Telecommun. J. 56, 179 (1989).
D. Bilitza, R. Eyfrig and N. M. Sheikh, Telecommun. J. 46, 549 (1979).
W. B. Jones and R. M. Gallet, Telecommun. J. 29, 129 (1962).
W. B. Jones and R. M. Gallet, Telecommun. J. 32, 18 (1965).
C. Rush, M. PoKempner, D. Anderson, F. Stewart and J. Perry, Radio Sci. 18, 95 (1983).
C. M. Rush, M. PoKempner, D. N. Anderson, J. Perry, F. G. Stewart and R. Reasoner, Radio Sci. 19, 1083 (1984).
M. Fox and L. McNamara, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 50, 1077 (1988)
J. O. Adeniyi, D. Bilitza, S. M. Radicella and A. A. Willoughby, Adv. Space Res. 31, 507 (2003).
G. K. Seemala and C. E. Valladares, Radio Sci. 46, RS5019 (2011).
J. B. Habarulema, L. A. McKinnell, D. Buresová, Y. Zhang, G. Seemala, C. Ngwira, J. Chum and B. Opperman, J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 102, 105 (2013).
L. Liu, W. Wan, B. Ning and M. L. Zhang, J. Geophys. Res. 114, A06308 (2009).
M. Chakraborty, S. Kumar, B. K. De and A. Guha, Ann. Geophys. 57, A0539 (2014).
D. Carpenter and R. Anderson, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 1097 (1992).
Z. T. Katamzi and J. B. Habarulema, Adv. Space. Res. 53, 48 (2014).
G. Miró Amarante, M. Cueto Santamaría, K. Alazo and S. M. Radicella, Adv. Space Res. 39, 681 (2007).
O. J. Olwendo, P. Baki, P. J. Cilliers, C. Mito and P. Doherty, Adv. Space Res. 52, 1770 (2013).
L. F. McNamara, J. M. Retterer, C. R. Baker, G. J. Bishop, D. L. Cooke, C. J. Roth and J. A.Welsh, Radio Sci. 45, RS2001 (2010).
I. E. Zakharenkova, A. Krankowski, D. Bilitza, I. V. Cherniak, I. I. Shagimuratov and R. Sieradzki, Adv. Space Res. 51, 620 (2013).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ssessanga, N., Kim, Y.H., Kim, E. et al. Regional optimization of the IRI-2012 output (TEC, foF2) by using derived GPS-TEC. Journal of the Korean Physical Society 66, 1599–1610 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.66.1599
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3938/jkps.66.1599