The executive function of bilingual and monolingual children: A technical efficiency approach

Table 9 Comparison to alternative datasets – the Antoniou et al. (2016) dataset

Notes. The table reports mean and standard deviation (SD) of the technical efficiency estimates in each of the bilectals, multilinguals, and monolingual groups using the dataset of Antoniou et al. (2016), where n denotes the sample size. The working memory and inhibition are the composite scores as these are defined in Antoniou et al., (2016) and are reported here for comparison purposes. Panel A compares the bilectals to the monolinguals, while panel B compares bilectals, multilinguals, and monolinguals. These two use the exact sample specifications of Antoniou et al. (2016). Panel C compares bilectals, multilinguals, and monolinguals using a more extended dataset. The ANCOVA F-statistic presented is for the group categorical variable, where a statistically significant difference between the respective groups is indicated. The covariates used in the ANCOVA are: age, IQ, general language ability and SES. The t-statistic is for the between-groups mean comparison test of the technical efficiency of the respective group to the monolingual. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10% significance levels