The executive function of bilingual and monolingual children: A technical efficiency approach

Papastergiou, Athanasia; Pappas, Vasileios; Sanoudaki, Eirini

doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01658-7

Table 6 Second-stage analysis

From: The executive function of bilingual and monolingual children: A technical efficiency approach

Executive function test	I (ANCOVA)			II (Bootstrap regression)				III (k-means NN)
Executive function test	Margin	F-stat	η²	Margin	SE	t-stat	Adjusted R²	Margin	SE	t-stat
Panel A: Specification A
Backward digit span	0.056^**	4.750	0.070	0.056^**	0.026	2.120	0.348	0.071^**	0.030	2.390
Counting recall	0.085^***	20.750	0.247	0.085^***	0.020	4.260	0.671	0.087^***	0.020	4.350
Colour shape	0.147^***	16.700	0.210	0.147^***	0.036	4.130	0.215	0.161^***	0.045	3.580
Non-verbal Stroop	0.093^***	16.190	0.204	0.093^***	0.024	3.920	0.610	0.090^***	0.023	3.960
ANT	0.105^***	21.800	0.257	0.105^***	0.024	4.400	0.631	0.107^***	0.025	4.240
Accuracy	0.084^***	18.360	0.225	0.084^***	0.020	4.070	0.486	0.088^***	0.023	3.790
Response speed	0.089^***	11.010	0.149	0.089^***	0.028	3.180	0.687	0.092^***	0.030	3.050
All	0.088^***	21.610	0.255	0.088^***	0.020	4.400	0.529	0.092^***	0.022	4.120
Panel B: Specification B
Backward digit span	0.033	1.370	0.022	0.033	0.030	1.100	0.366	0.073^**	0.035	2.080
Counting recall	0.053^***	7.490	0.107	0.053^**	0.021	2.510	0.720	0.076^**	0.037	2.040
Colour shape	0.153^***	13.810	0.182	0.153^***	0.039	3.910	0.203	0.182^***	0.049	3.710
Non-verbal Stroop	0.067^**	6.890	0.099	0.066^**	0.025	2.710	0.633	0.088^**	0.042	2.130
ANT	0.082^***	10.720	0.147	0.081^***	0.025	3.240	0.647	0.098^**	0.049	2.020
Accuracy	0.074^***	11.150	0.152	0.074^***	0.024	3.050	0.485	0.092^***	0.028	3.210
Response speed	0.078^**	6.510	0.095	0.078^**	0.032	2.470	0.685	0.127^**	0.056	2.280
All	0.080^***	14.010	0.184	0.081^***	0.023	3.470	0.525	0.093^***	0.028	3.290
Panel C: Specification C
Backward digit span	0.043	0.870	0.014	0.043	0.046	0.920	0.398	0.024	0.076	0.310
Counting recall	0.011	0.140	0.002	0.011	0.032	0.370	0.727	0.036	0.047	0.780
Colour shape	0.179^***	6.890	0.101	0.179^***	0.068	2.650	0.193	0.177^*	0.107	1.660
Non-verbal Stroop	0.036	0.077	0.013	0.036	0.041	0.089	0.632	0.076	0.056	1.360
ANT	0.010	0.060	0.001	0.010	0.039	0.250	0.670	0.329	0.065	0.510
Accuracy	0.047^*	1.660	0.026	0.047	0.038	1.220	0.484	0.103^*	0.053	1.950
Response speed	0.038	0.580	0.009	0.038	0.051	0.760	0.686	0.035	0.054	0.640
All	0.054^**	2.320	0.036	0.054^*	0.037	1.440	0.525	0.103^**	0.052	1.970

Notes. The table presents second-stage results for the technical efficiency estimated in a previous section. The technical efficiency is the dependent variable from the previous step and three estimation techniques are used; i) ANCOVA, ii) Regression with bootstrapped standard errors, iii) k-means nearest neighbours. The margin columns present the estimated coefficient (i.e., marginal effect) of the bilingual binary variable, which takes the value 1 for bilinguals, 0 otherwise. Panel A controls for age, non-verbal intellectual ability, grammar skill, expressive vocabulary skill, and receptive vocabulary skill. Panel B further controls for SES. Panel C further controls for language use. ***, **, * denote statistical significance at the 1, 5, and 10% significance level, respectively

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